Glissando |
Glissando (Glissando na Italiyanci, daga glisser na Faransanci - don zamewa) fasaha ce ta musamman ta wasa, wacce ta ƙunshi saurin zamewa yatsa tare da igiyoyi ko maɓallan kiɗa. kayan aiki. Ba kamar portamento ba, wanda shine hanyar bayyanawa. wasan kwaikwayon, ba mai yin waƙar ya daidaita ba a cikin bayanin kiɗan kuma sau da yawa ana kiransa da kuskure G., a zahiri G. yana daidaitawa a cikin bayanin gumi, yana wakiltar wani sashe mai mahimmanci na rubutun kiɗan. Na fp. Ana samun wasan G. ta hanyar zamewa gefen ƙusa na ƙusa na babban yatsa ko na uku (yawanci na hannun dama) tare da maɓallan fari ko baki. A cikin samarwa don kayan aikin madannai G. an fara samuwa a cikin Faransanci. mawaki JB Moreau a cikin tarinsa. "Littafin guda na farko don harpsichord" ("Premier livre pièces de clavecin", 3). Fasaha ta musamman. Ana gabatar da matsaloli ta hanyar kisa akan fp. G. na jeri-kamar ma'auni na bayanin kula biyu (kashi uku, shida, octaves) da hannu ɗaya (tare da tsayayyen matsayi), yana buƙatar zamewar yatsu guda biyu akan maɓallan (wannan nau'in G. kuma ana yin shi da hannu biyu) .
G. ana yin shi cikin sauƙi akan piano. tsofaffin ƙira tare da ƙarin pliable, abin da ake kira. Viennese makanikai. Wataƙila wannan shine dalilin da ya sa WA Mozart ya riga ya yi amfani da G. a cikin layi ɗaya na shida (saɓanin "Lison dormant"). Ana samun ma'aunin Octave a cikin L. Beethoven (Concerto a cikin C Major, Sonata op. 53), KM Weber ("Concertpiece", op. 79), G. a cikin uku da kwata a cikin M. Ravel ("Mirrors") da sauransu.
Idan a kan kayan aikin maɓalli tare da tsarin zafin su, tare da taimakon G., ana fitar da ma'auni tare da wani nau'i mai mahimmanci, sa'an nan kuma a kan kayan aiki na ruku'i, wanda tsarin kyauta ya kasance, ta hanyar G., an fitar da chromatic. jerin sauti, tare da ɗimbin yawa, ainihin aikin semitones ba lallai ba ne (kada a haɗa fasahar yatsa tare da g. akan kayan da aka rusuna - aikin sikelin chromatic ta hanyar zamewa yatsa). Saboda haka, darajar g. lokacin kunna kidan ruku'u Ch. arr. a cikin tasirin launi. Ayyukan G. na wasu sassa akan kayan aikin ruku'u, ban da chromatic. sikelin, yana yiwuwa ne kawai lokacin wasa tare da masu jituwa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na G. akan kayan kida na ruku'u shine cikin Italiyanci. mawaki K. Farina (a cikin "An Extraordinary Capriccio", "Capriccio stravagante", 1627, don skr. solo), ta amfani da G. a matsayin dabi'a. karban sauti. A cikin classic G. kusan ba a taɓa samun shi a cikin kiɗa don kayan kida ba (wani yanayi mai wuya na G. hawan chromatic jerin ta octaves a cikin lambar ɓangaren 1st na concerto na A. Dvorak). A matsayin hanyar wasa mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa, an yi amfani da guerilla sosai a cikin ayyukan da 'yan violin na Romantic suka rubuta. kwatance (G. Venyavsky, A. Vyotan, P. Sarasate, F. Servais, da sauransu). G. ana amfani dashi daban-daban a matsayin launi na timbre a cikin kiɗa. wallafe-wallafen karni na 20 don kayan kida kuma a matsayin mai launi. liyafar a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa (SS Prokofiev - Scherzo daga 1st concerto don violin; K. Shimanovsky - concertos da guda don violin; M. Ravel - Rhapsody "Gypsy" don violin; Z. Kodaly - G. chords a cikin sonata don solo, G. . Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun misalan G. vlch. yana ƙunshe a cikin kashi na 2 na sonata don VC. kuma fp. DD Shostakovich. Dabarar ta musamman ita ce G. flageolets, alal misali. cellos na NA Rimsky-Korsakov ("Dare Kafin Kirsimeti"), VV Shcherbachev (2nd symphony), Ravel ("Daphnis da Chloe"), violas da kuma tsofaffi. MO Steinberg ("Metamorphoses") da sauransu.
G. wata dabara ce da ta yadu wajen buga garaya, inda aka yi amfani da ita ta musamman (a cikin ayyukan mawaƙa na farkon rabin karni na 1, ana amfani da kalmar Italiyanci sdrucciolando sau da yawa). Apfic G. yawanci ana gina shi akan sautunan maɗaukaki na bakwai (ciki har da waɗanda aka rage; ƙasa da sau da yawa akan sautunan mara sauti). Lokacin kunna G., duk zaren garaya, tare da taimakon sake fasalin otd. sautuna, ba da sautin kawai waɗancan bayanan kula waɗanda aka haɗa a cikin waƙar da aka bayar. Tare da motsi zuwa ƙasa, ana yin G. akan garaya tare da ɗan yatsa na farko da ɗan lanƙwasa, tare da hawan sama - tare da na biyu (hannaye ɗaya ko biyu a cikin haɗuwa, karkatarwa da ƙetare motsi na hannaye). G. ana amfani da shi lokaci-lokaci akan jeri-kamar gamma.
G. ana amfani dashi lokacin kunna ruhohin jan karfe. kayan aiki - a kan trombone tare da taimakon motsi na baya (misali, trombone solo a cikin "Pulcinella" ta IF Stravinsky), ƙaho, a kan kayan kida (alal misali, G. pedal timpani a cikin "Kiɗa don kayan kida, kida, kida." da celesta” B . Bartok).
G. ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin jama'a instr. rataye. (Salon Verbunkosh), rum. da mold. music, kazalika da jazz. A cikin bayanin kidan G., sautunan farko da na ƙarshe ne kawai ake nakalto, ana maye gurbin sautunan tsaka-tsaki da dash ko layi mai kauri.
