Kayan aikin jujjuyawa |
Jamus transponierende Instrumente transposing kayan aikin
Kayan kide-kide, ainihin sautin wanda bai dace da bayanin ba, ya bambanta da shi ta wani tazara (sama ko ƙasa - dangane da tessitura na halitta da tsari na kayan aikin).
Ku T. da. na cikin kunne pads ruhin jan karfe. kayan kida (ƙaho, ƙaho, cornets, irin tuba, saxhorns), pl. woodwinds (iyalan clarinet, saxophones, nau'ikan oboe - ƙaho na Ingilishi, oboe d'amour, huxlphone); yaya kake. Hakanan ana iya ɗaukar bakuna masu kirtani, waɗanda aka sake gina su zuwa wani takamaiman. tazara - sama ko ƙasa da saitunan su na yau da kullun (duba Scordatura). Ku T. da. Har ila yau, sun haɗa da na'urorin da ke sautin octave ƙasa da bayanin (bass biyu, contrabassoon) ko octave mafi girma (piccolo flute, celesta, xylophone, kararrawa), amma a zahiri wannan ba juyawa ba ne, tun da matakan sikelin suna riƙe sunayensu. . na halitta jerin sautunan da suka dace da na'urar kayan aiki (don kayan aikin iska na tagulla - ma'auni na yanayi na overtones), don T. da. a cikin maɓallin C-dur. Dangane da daidaitawa (sautin) na kayan kida, sautunan da aka ambata a cikin C-dur a zahiri suna ƙara ƙayyadaddun tazara mafi girma ko ƙasa, misali. c2 don clarinet a cikin B zai yi kama da b1 (na clarinet a cikin A - kamar a1), na Ingilishi. ƙaho ko ƙaho a cikin F - kamar f1, y alto saxophone a cikin Es - kamar es1, y tenor a cikin B - kamar b, y ƙaho a Es ko sopranino saxophone - kamar es2, da dai sauransu.
L. Beethoven. Siphony na 8, motsi na farko.
Fitowar T. da., Ko kuma wajen, bayanin da aka fassara su, yana nufin karni na 18, zuwa lokacin da ruhu. kayan aikin na iya fitar da kusan sautunan ma'auni mafi sauƙi ko ma'auni na halitta. Tun da C-dur shine maɓalli mafi sauƙi cikin sharuddan sanarwa, aikin ya taso don tantance sassa a cikin C-dur waɗanda suka dace da daidaita kayan aikin.
Tare da ƙirƙira na bawuloli da ƙofofi, wasa a cikin maɓallai sama ko žasa an cire su daga manyan. gina kayan aiki, an sami sauƙaƙa sosai, amma ana ci gaba da amfani da al'adar fassara rubutu (wanda ke da wahalar karanta maki). Wata hujja da ke goyon bayan adana shi ita ce, godiya ga bayanin da aka yi, mai yin guda ɗaya zai iya canzawa daga nau'in kayan aiki na iyali ɗaya zuwa wani tare da wani nau'i na daban yayin da yake riƙe da yatsa, misali. daga clarinet a cikin A zuwa bass clarinet a cikin B (ana adana yatsa): ana yin irin waɗannan canje-canjen kayan aikin sau da yawa lokacin yin yanki ɗaya. (wanda aka nuna: Cl. a cikin B muta a cikin A; Cl. a cikin B muta Cl. picc. a cikin Es). Dep. transposing ruhu. Ana lura da kayan kida koyaushe gwargwadon sautinsu (misali trombones a B, tuba a B). Wasu mawaƙa a cikin karni na 20. yayi yunkurin lura da bangarorin T. da. gwargwadon sautinsu; daga cikinsu - A. Schoenberg (serenade op. 24, 1924), A. Berg, A. Webern, A. Honegger, SS Prokofiev.
A cikin 17-18 ƙarni. da T. kuma. An kuma danganta wasu tsarin gabobin, wanda tsarinsu ya bambanta da na ƙungiyar makaɗa kuma, saboda haka, an nuna sashinsu a wasu maɓallan.
Литература: Herz N., Ka'idar canza kayan kida, Lpz., 1911; Erpf H., Littafin rubutu na kayan aiki da ilimin kayan aiki, Mainz, (1959).
