Gustav Mahler |

Gustav Mahler

Mutumin da ya ƙunshi mafi tsanani kuma tsantsar nufin fasaha na zamaninmu. T. Mann

Babban mawakin Austriya G. Mahler ya ce a gare shi "rubutun wasan kwaikwayo yana nufin gina sabuwar duniya tare da duk hanyoyin fasahar da ake da su. Duk rayuwata ina yin waƙa game da abu ɗaya kawai: ta yaya zan yi farin ciki idan wani ya sha wahala a wani wuri dabam. Tare da irin wannan maximalism na ɗabi'a, "ginin duniya" a cikin kiɗa, nasarar da aka samu gaba ɗaya ya zama matsala mafi wuya, da wuya a warware. Mahler, a ainihi, ya kammala al'adar falsafar gargajiya-romantic symphonism (L. Beethoven - F. Schubert - J. Brahms - P. Tchaikovsky - A. Bruckner), wanda ke neman amsa tambayoyin har abada na kasancewa, don ƙayyade wurin. na mutum a duniya.

A farkon karni, fahimtar ɗaiɗaikun ɗan adam a matsayin mafi girman kima da “makullin” dukan sararin samaniya ya sami matsala mai zurfi musamman. Mahler ya ji shi sosai; kuma duk wani wakoki nasa yunƙuri ne na titanic don samun jituwa, tsari mai ƙarfi kuma kowane lokaci na musamman na neman gaskiya. Binciken kirkire-kirkire na Mahler ya haifar da cin zarafin kafaffen ra'ayoyi game da kyakkyawa, zuwa ga rashin tsari, rashin daidaituwa, eclecticism; Mawaƙin ya gina manyan abubuwan da ya ɗauka kamar daga mafi yawan “gutsi” na duniya da ta wargaje. Wannan bincike shine mabuɗin kiyaye tsabtar ruhin ɗan adam a cikin wani zamani mafi wahala a tarihi. Mahler ya rubuta: "Ni mawaƙi ne da ke yawo a cikin dare a cikin jeji na fasahar kiɗan zamani ba tare da tauraro mai jagora ba kuma yana cikin haɗarin yin shakkar komai ko ya ɓace," in ji Mahler.

An haifi Mahler a cikin dangin Yahudawa matalauta a Jamhuriyar Czech. Ƙwararrun kiɗansa ya bayyana da wuri (a lokacin yana da shekaru 10 ya ba da kide-kide na farko na jama'a a matsayin mai pianist). A lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha biyar, Mahler ya shiga cikin Vienna Conservatory, ya dauki darussan hadawa daga babban mai gabatar da kara na kasar Austriya Bruckner, sannan ya halarci kwasa-kwasan tarihi da falsafa a Jami'ar Vienna. Ba da daɗewa ba, ayyukan farko sun bayyana: zane-zane na operas, ƙungiyar makaɗa da kiɗa na ɗakin. Tun yana dan shekara 20, rayuwar Mahler tana da alaƙa da aikin sa na madugu. Da farko - gidajen opera na ƙananan garuruwa, amma nan da nan - mafi girma cibiyoyin kiɗa a Turai: Prague (1885), Leipzig (1886-88), Budapest (1888-91), Hamburg (1891-97). Gudanarwa, wanda Mahler ya sadaukar da kansa ba tare da sha'awar yin kida ba, kusan duk lokacinsa, kuma mawaki ya yi aiki a kan manyan ayyuka a lokacin rani, ba tare da ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo ba. Sau da yawa da ra'ayin wani symphony aka haife shi daga wani song. Mahler shi ne marubucin "zazzage zagaye masu yawa, wanda na farko shine" Waƙoƙin Koyarwa Mai Yawo ", wanda aka rubuta a cikin kalmominsa, ya sa mutum ya tuna F. Schubert, farin cikinsa mai haske na sadarwa tare da yanayi da bakin ciki na kadaici. wahala mai yawo. Daga cikin wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] annan wa] anda suka girma, wanda tsattsarkan primordial ke rufewa da mugun bala'in rayuwa; hanyar shawo kan duhu shine dawo da haɗin kai tare da yanayi.

A cikin wadannan kade-kade masu zuwa, mawakin ya riga ya takure a cikin tsarin tsarin zagaye hudu na gargajiya, kuma ya fadada shi, ya kuma yi amfani da kalmar waka a matsayin “mai daukar ra’ayin kida” (F. Klopstock, F. Nietzsche). Wakoki na biyu, na uku da na hudu suna da alaƙa da zagayowar waƙoƙin “Magic Horn of a Boy”. Symphony na biyu, game da farkon wanda Mahler ya ce a nan ya "binne gwarzo na farko Symphony", ya ƙare tare da tabbatar da ra'ayin addini na tashin matattu. A cikin na uku, ana samun hanyar fita a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da rai na har abada na yanayi, wanda aka fahimta a matsayin maras lokaci, kerawa na sararin samaniya na mahimmin ƙarfi. "A koyaushe ina jin haushin gaskiyar cewa yawancin mutane, lokacin da suke magana game da" yanayi ", koyaushe suna tunanin furanni, tsuntsaye, ƙanshin daji, da dai sauransu. Babu wanda ya san Allah Dionysus, babban Pan."

A cikin 1897, Mahler ya zama babban darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kotun Vienna, shekaru 10 na aiki wanda ya zama zamani a tarihin wasan opera; a cikin mutumin Mahler, an haɗa ƙwararren mawaki-shugaba da darekta-darektan wasan kwaikwayon. "A gare ni, babban abin farin ciki ba shine na kai wani matsayi mai haske ba, amma yanzu na sami ƙasar mahaifa. iyalina“. Daga cikin nasarorin da aka samu na daraktan mataki Mahler akwai wasan kwaikwayo na R. Wagner, KV Gluck, WA Mozart, L. Beethoven, B. Smetana, P. Tchaikovsky (The Queen of Spades, Eugene Onegin, Iolanthe) . Gabaɗaya, Tchaikovsky (kamar Dostoevsky) ya ɗan kusa da mai juyayi, mai ban tsoro, yanayin yanayi na mawaƙin Austrian. Mahler ya kasance babban jagoran wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya zagaya a kasashe da yawa (ya ziyarci Rasha sau uku). Kade-kaden da aka yi a Vienna sun nuna wani sabon mataki a tafarkinsa na kirkire-kirkire. Na hudu, wanda ake ganin duniya ta idanun yara, ya ba masu sauraro mamaki da daidaiton da ba halin Mahler a da ba, mai salo, kamanni na zamani da kuma, ga alama, kiɗan da ba ta da girgije. Amma wannan idyll ta haƙiƙa ce: rubutun waƙar da ke ƙarƙashin waƙoƙin ya nuna ma'anar dukan aikin - waɗannan mafarki ne kawai na yara na rayuwa na sama; kuma a cikin waƙoƙin waƙar a cikin ruhun Haydn da Mozart, wani abu da ba a so ya karye.

A cikin kasidu uku na gaba (wanda Mahler baya amfani da rubutun waka), an rufe launin launi gaba ɗaya - musamman a cikin na shida, wanda ya karɓi taken "Mai bala'i". Tushen alama na waɗannan kade-kaden ita ce zagayowar “Waƙoƙin Game da Yara Matattu” (kan layi na F. Rückert). A wannan mataki na kirkire-kirkire, mawakin kamar ba zai iya samun mafita ga sabani a rayuwa ita kanta ba, a yanayi ko addini, yana ganin ta cikin jituwa da fasahar gargajiya (na karshe na biyar da na bakwai an rubuta su cikin salo. na al'adun gargajiya na karni na XNUMX kuma ya bambanta sosai da sassan da suka gabata).

Mahler ya shafe shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa (1907-11) a Amurka (kawai lokacin da ya riga ya yi rashin lafiya, ya koma Turai don neman magani). Rashin daidaituwa a cikin yakin da ake yi na yau da kullum a Vienna Opera ya rikitar da matsayin Mahler, ya haifar da zalunci na gaske. Ya karɓi gayyata zuwa matsayi na shugaba na Metropolitan Opera (New York), kuma nan da nan ya zama madugu na New York Philharmonic Orchestra.

A cikin ayyukan waɗannan shekarun, tunanin mutuwa yana haɗuwa tare da ƙishirwa mai ƙishirwa don kama duk kyawun duniya. A cikin Symphony na takwas - "wasan kwaikwayo na mahalarta dubu" (ƙaramar ƙungiyar makaɗa, mawaƙa 3, mawaƙa) - Mahler yayi ƙoƙari ta hanyar kansa don fassara ra'ayin Symphony na Beethoven na tara: nasarar farin ciki a cikin haɗin kai na duniya. “Ka yi tunanin cewa sararin samaniya ya fara sauti da ringi. Ba muryoyin mutane ne ke rera waƙa ba, amma suna kewaya rana da taurari,” mawaƙin ya rubuta. Taron wasan kwaikwayo yana amfani da yanayin ƙarshe na "Faust" na JW Goethe. Kamar wasan karshe na wasan kwaikwayo na Beethoven, wannan yanayin shine apotheosis na tabbatarwa, nasarar cikakkiyar manufa a cikin fasahar gargajiya. Ga Mahler, bin Goethe, mafi girman manufa, cikakkiyar nasara kawai a cikin rayuwar da ba ta da tushe, shine "mace ta har abada, abin da, bisa ga mawallafin, ya ja hankalinmu da ikon sufi, cewa kowane halitta (watakila ma duwatsu) tare da tabbacin mara iyaka yana jin kamar haka. tsakiyar kasancewarsa. Dangantakar ruhaniya tare da Goethe koyaushe yana jin Mahler.

A cikin dukan aikin Mahler, zagayowar waƙoƙi da kade-kade sun tafi hannu da hannu kuma, a ƙarshe, sun haɗu tare a cikin waƙar waƙar-cantata Song of the Earth (1908). Da yake kunshe da madawwamin jigon rayuwa da mutuwa, Mahler ya juya wannan lokaci zuwa wakokin kasar Sin na karni na XNUMX. Filayen walƙiya na wasan kwaikwayo, ɗaki-m (wanda ke da alaƙa da mafi kyawun zanen Sinanci) waƙoƙi da - rusa shuru, tashi zuwa dawwama, sauraron shiru, tsammani - waɗannan fasalulluka ne na salon marigayi Mahler. “Tafiyar” na duk kerawa, bankwana ita ce ta tara da ba a gama ba ta goma.

Ƙarshe zamanin soyayya, Mahler ya tabbatar da cewa shi ne magabatan al'amura da dama a cikin kiɗan ƙarni na mu. Ƙarfafa motsin zuciyarmu, sha'awar matsanancin bayyanar su za a karɓa ta hanyar masu magana - A. Schoenberg da A. Berg. Katunan kade-kade na A. Honegger, operas na B. Britten suna dauke da tambarin kidan Mahler. Mahler yana da tasiri na musamman akan D. Shostakovich. Ƙarshen ikhlasi, tausayi mai zurfi ga kowane mutum, zurfin tunani yana sa Mahler ya kasance kusa da lokacin mu mai fashewa.

K. Zankin