Leonid Vitalievich Sobinov |

Leonid Sobinov

Babban masanin kide-kide na Soviet Boris Vladimirovich Asafiev ya kira Sobinov "tushen waƙoƙin muryar Rasha." Babban magajinsa Sergei Yakovlevich Lemeshev ya rubuta: “Mahimmancin Sobinov ga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha yana da girma sosai. Ya yi juyin juya hali na gaske a cikin fasahar wasan opera. Aminci ga ainihin ka'idodin gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya haɗu a cikinsa tare da zurfin tunani na mutum ga kowane matsayi, tare da gajiya, aikin bincike na gaske. Yana shirya rawar, ya yi nazarin babban adadin kayan aiki - zamanin, tarihinsa, siyasa, hanyar rayuwa. Ya kasance koyaushe yana ƙoƙari don ƙirƙirar dabi'a na dabi'a da gaskiya, don isar da hadadden ilimin halin ɗan adam na jarumi. "Duniya ta ruhaniya kadan tana sharewa," in ji shi game da aikinsa a kan aikin, "kukan furta kalmar daban." Idan basses, tare da zuwan Chaliapin a kan mataki, sun gane cewa ba za su iya raira waƙa kamar yadda suka rera a da, da lyrical tenors fahimci haka tare da zuwan Sobinov.

Leonid Vitalyevich Sobinov aka haife shi a Yaroslavl a ranar 7 ga Yuni, 1872. Kakan da mahaifin Leonid yi aiki tare da m Poletaev m, suka kai gari a kusa da lardin, kuma maza da aka biya haraji. Yanayin da Sobinov ya rayu kuma ya girma bai yarda da ci gaban muryarsa ba. Uban ya kasance mai tsauri kuma mai nisa daga kowace irin fasaha, amma mahaifiyar tana rera waƙoƙin jama'a da kyau kuma ta koya wa ɗanta waƙa.

Lenya ciyar da yarantaka da kuma matasa a Yaroslavl, inda ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare. Sobinov da kansa daga baya ya ce a cikin daya daga cikin haruffa:

“A shekarar da ta gabata, lokacin da na sauke karatu daga makarantar motsa jiki, a cikin 1889/90, na sami tenor, wanda da shi na fara rera waƙa tare da ƙungiyar mawakan tauhidi.

Ya gama sakandare. Ina jami'a. Anan kuma an ja hankalina zuwa da'irori inda suke rera waka… Na sadu da irin wannan kamfani, Ina kan aikin dare don tikiti a gidan wasan kwaikwayo.

… Abokai na Ukrainian sun je ƙungiyar mawaƙa suka ja ni. Koyaushe fagen baya ya kasance wuri mai tsarki a gare ni, saboda haka na sadaukar da kaina gaba ɗaya ga sabon sana'a. Jami'ar ta fado a baya. Tabbas zamana a kungiyar mawaka ba shi da wata ma'ana ta waka, amma soyayyar da nake da ita ta bayyana karara. A kan hanyar, na kuma rera waƙa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta ɗalibi, wadda a bana aka kafa ta a jami'a, da na boko. Daga nan na shiga cikin mawakan biyu duk tsawon shekaru hudu yayin da nake jami'a ... ra'ayin cewa ya kamata in koyi waƙa ya zo a zuciyata da mahimmanci, amma babu kuɗi, kuma fiye da sau ɗaya na wuce tare da Nikitskaya, a kan waƙa. hanyar zuwa jami'a , ya wuce Makarantar Philharmonic da tunani a asirce, amma idan ba a shiga ba a nemi a koya. Fate tayi min murmushi. A daya daga cikin daliban kide kide da wake-wake PA Shostakovsky ya sadu da dalibai da yawa, ciki har da ni, ya tambaye mu mu shiga cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa na makaranta, inda Mascagni's Rural Honor aka shirya domin jarrabawa ... A rabuwa, Shostakovsky ya ba da shawarar cewa in yi nazari sosai a shekara mai zuwa. kuma lalle ne, a cikin 1892/93 shekara an yarda da ni a matsayin dalibi na kyauta a cikin Dodonov's class. Na shirya yin aiki da himma kuma na halarci duk darussan da ake buƙata. A cikin bazara akwai jarrabawar farko, kuma an canza ni nan da nan zuwa shekara ta 3, inda aka sanya 4 1/2 don wasu aria na gargajiya. A cikin 1893/94, ƙungiyar Philharmonic Society, a cikin wasu daraktocinta, sun kafa wasan opera na Italiya… Al'umma na da niyyar ƙirƙirar wa ɗaliban makarantar wani abu kamar matakan makaranta, kuma ɗalibai sun yi ɓangarori marasa mahimmanci a wurin. Ni ma ina cikin masu yin wasan kwaikwayo… Na rera duk ƙananan sassa, amma a tsakiyar kakar an riga an ba ni amana ga Harlequin a Pagliacci. Don haka wata shekara ta wuce. Na riga na shiga shekara ta 4 a jami'a.

Lokacin ya kare, sai da na fara shirya jarabawar jiha da kuzari sau uku. An manta da waƙa… A 1894 na kammala jami'a. Bugu da ari soja sabis yana zuwa ... Soja sabis ya ƙare a 1895. Ni riga na biyu Laftanar a cikin ajiyar, yarda a cikin Moscow mashaya, gaba ɗaya kishin wani sabon, ban sha'awa harka, wanda, da alama, rai kwance, ko da yaushe fafutuka domin. jama'a, don adalci da kuma kare wadanda aka yi wa laifi.

Waƙar ta ɓace a bango. Ya zama ƙarin nishaɗi… a Philharmonic, Na halarci darussan waƙa kawai da azuzuwan opera…

Shekarar 1896 ta ƙare da jarrabawar jama'a inda na rera wani wasan kwaikwayo daga The Mermaid da kuma wani aiki daga Martha a kan dandalin Maly Theater. Tare da wannan, akwai kide-kide na sadaka mara iyaka, tafiye-tafiye zuwa birane, shiga biyu a cikin kide-kide na dalibai, inda na sadu da masu zane-zane daga gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na jihar, wadanda suka tambaye ni da gaske ko ina tunanin tafiya kan mataki. Duk waɗannan maganganun sun kunyata raina sosai, amma babban mai lalata shi ne Santagano-Garchakova. A shekara mai zuwa, wanda na kashe kamar yadda na yi a baya, na riga na yi waƙa a ƙarshe, 5th. A jarrabawar, na rera wasan karshe na The Favorite da kuma aikin Romeo. Jagoran BT Altani, wanda ya ba da shawarar cewa Gorchakova ya kawo ni gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi don yin kallo. Gorchakova ya yi nasarar samun kalmar girmamawata cewa zan tafi. Duk da haka, a rana ta farko na shari'ar, ban yi kasada ba, kuma kawai lokacin da Gorchakova ya kunyata ni na bayyana a rana ta biyu. Jarrabawar ta yi nasara. Ba da na biyu - sake nasara. Nan da nan suka ba da halarta na farko, kuma a cikin Afrilu 1897 na fara halartata a Majami'ar Synodal a opera The Demon…”

Nasarar matashin mawakin ya wuce duk abin da ake tsammani. Bayan karshen wasan opera, masu sauraro sun yaba da farin ciki na dogon lokaci, kuma aria "Juyawa cikin Falcon" ko da ya kamata a maimaita. Shahararren mai sukar kiɗan na Moscow SN Kruglikov ya amsa wannan wasan tare da bita mai daɗi: “Muryar mawaƙi, wacce ta shahara a dakunan kide kide da wake-wake ... can. Wannan shine abin da ake nufi da samun ƙarfe a cikin katako: wannan dukiya na sauti sau da yawa ya sami nasarar maye gurbin ƙarfin gaske.

Sobinov da sauri ya ci dukan duniya fasaha. Muryarsa mai jan hankali ta haɗe tare da kasancewar mataki mai ban sha'awa. Haka kuma ya yi nasara a wasanninsa na gida da waje.

Bayan yanayi da yawa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi, Sobinov ya tafi yawon shakatawa zuwa Italiya zuwa shahararren gidan wasan kwaikwayo na La Scala a Milan. Ya rera a cikin wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu - "Don Pasquale" na Donizetti da "Fra Diavolo" na Auber. Duk da bambancin yanayi na jam'iyyun, Sobinov ya yi aiki mai kyau tare da su.

"Tenor Sobinov," in ji wani mai bita, "wahayi ne. Muryarsa kawai zinare ne, cike da ƙarfe kuma lokaci guda mai laushi, shafa, mai wadatar launuka, mai ban sha'awa tare da taushi. Wannan mawaƙi ne wanda ya dace da nau'in kiɗan da yake yi… bisa ga tsattsauran al'adar fasahar wasan kwaikwayo, al'adun masu fasaha na zamani kaɗan ne."

Wata jaridar Italiya ta rubuta: “Ya rera waƙa da alheri, tausayi, sauƙi, wanda tun daga fage na farko ya sami tagomashin jama’a. Yana da muryar mafi kyawun katako, har ma, zurfin nutsewa cikin ruhi, murya mai ƙarancin gaske kuma mai daraja, wacce yake sarrafawa tare da fasaha mara kyau, hankali da ɗanɗano.

Bayan da ya yi a Monte Carlo da Berlin, Sobinov ya koma Moscow, inda ya taka rawar de Grieux a karon farko. Kuma sukar Rasha ta yarda da wannan sabon hoton da ya kirkiro.

Shahararren mai zane Munt, abokin karatun mawaƙin, ya rubuta:

“Ya kai Lenya, ka san cewa ban taɓa yabe ka a banza ba; akasin haka, ta kasance ta kasance mafi kamewa fiye da wajibi; amma yanzu bai ma bayyana ra'ayin da kuka yi min jiya ba… Eh, kuna isar da wahalar soyayya abin mamaki, masoyi mawaƙin ƙauna, ɗan'uwan Pushkin's Lensky na gaske!…

Ina faɗin duk wannan ba ko da a matsayin abokin ku ba, amma a matsayin mai zane, kuma ina yi muku hukunci daga madaidaicin ra'ayi, ba na opera ba, ba na wasan kwaikwayo ba, amma na fasaha mai faɗi. Na yi matukar farin ciki da na ga cewa ba kawai ke da kida na musamman ba, babban mawaƙi, amma kuma ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne. ”…

Kuma a cikin 1907, mai sukar ND Kashkin ya lura: "Shekaru goma na aikin wasan kwaikwayo bai wuce banza ba ga Sobinov, kuma yanzu ya zama babban masanin fasaha, yana da alama cewa ya karya gaba daya tare da kowane irin fasaha na yau da kullum. kuma yana ɗaukar sassansa da matsayinsa a matsayin mai tunani da hazaka mai fasaha. "

Tabbatar da kalmomin masu sukar, a farkon 1908 Sobinov ya sami babban nasara a yawon shakatawa a Spain. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Arias a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na operas "Manon", "Pearl Nekers" da "Mephistopheles", ba kawai masu sauraro ba, har ma ma'aikatan wasan kwaikwayo sun ba shi tsayin daka bayan wasan kwaikwayo.

Shahararren mawaki EK Katulskaya ya tuna:

"Leonid Vitalyevich Sobinov, kasancewa abokin tarayya a kan wasan opera shekaru da yawa, yana da tasiri mai yawa a kan ci gaban aikina ... Taronmu na farko ya kasance a kan mataki na Mariinsky Theatre a 1911 - a karo na biyu na aikina a cikin XNUMX. gidan wasan kwaikwayo.

An shirya wani sabon shiri na opera Orpheus, ƙwararren ƙwararren kida da ban mamaki na Gluck, tare da LV Sobinov a cikin sashin taken. A karo na farko a kan wasan opera na Rasha, an ba da wani ɓangare na Orpheus ga wani tenor. A baya can, an yi wannan sashi ta hanyar contralto ko mezzo-soprano. Na yi sashin Cupid a cikin wannan opera…

Ranar 21 ga Disamba, 1911, wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Orpheus ya faru a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mariinsky a cikin wani abu mai ban sha'awa na Meyerhold da Fokine. Sobinov ya halicci na musamman - wahayi da shayari - siffar Orpheus. Har yanzu muryarsa tana kara a cikin ajiyar zuciyata. Sobinov san yadda za a ba da recitative wani musamman melodiousness da aesthetic laya. Ba a mantawa da shi ba shine babban bakin ciki da Sobinov ya bayyana a cikin sanannen aria "Na rasa Eurydice" ...

Yana da wuya a gare ni in tuna wasan kwaikwayo wanda, kamar a Orpheus a Mariinsky Stage, nau'o'in fasaha daban-daban za a hade su: kiɗa, wasan kwaikwayo, zane-zane, sassaka da kuma waƙa mai ban mamaki na Sobinov. Ina so in faɗi wani yanki ɗaya kawai daga yawancin sake dubawa na mawallafin babban birnin kan wasan kwaikwayon "Orpheus": "Mr. Sobinov ya yi a cikin matsayi mai suna, yana ƙirƙirar hoto mai ban sha'awa game da sassaka da kyau a cikin rawar Orpheus. Da zuciya ɗaya, waƙarsa na bayyanawa da kuma abubuwan fasaha, Mista Sobinov ya ba da cikakkiyar jin daɗi. Ƙarfin sa na velvety ya yi kyau a wannan lokacin. Sobinov na iya aminta da cewa: "Orpheus ni ne!"

Bayan 1915, da singer bai kammala wani sabon kwangila tare da daular sinimomi, amma yi a St. Petersburg mutane House da kuma a Moscow a SI Zimin. Bayan Fabrairu juyin juya halin, Leonid Vitalievich koma zuwa Bolshoi Theater kuma ya zama m darektan. A watan Maris na XNUMX, a babban bikin bude wasan kwaikwayon, Sobinov, wanda yake jawabi ga masu sauraro daga mataki, ya ce: "Yau ita ce rana mafi farin ciki a rayuwata. Ina magana da sunana da kuma sunan duk abokan wasan kwaikwayo na, a matsayin wakilin fasaha na gaskiya. Kasa da sarkoki, saukar da azzalumai! Idan fasahar da ta gabata, duk da sarƙoƙi, ta yi hidima ga 'yanci, mayaƙa masu ban sha'awa, to daga yanzu, na yi imani, fasaha da 'yanci za su haɗu cikin ɗaya.

Bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba, mawakin ya ba da amsa mara kyau ga duk shawarwarin yin hijira zuwa kasashen waje. An nada shi manajan, kuma daga baya kwamishinan Bolshoi Theatre a Moscow. Amma Sobinova yana sha'awar yin waƙa. Yana aiki a duk faɗin ƙasar: Sverdlovsk, Perm, Kyiv, Kharkov, Tbilisi, Baku, Tashkent, Yaroslavl. Ya kuma yi balaguro zuwa ƙasashen waje - zuwa Paris, Berlin, biranen Poland, jihohin Baltic. Duk da cewa mai zane yana gab da cika shekaru sittin da haihuwa, ya sake samun gagarumar nasara.

"Dukkanin tsohon Sobinov ya wuce a gaban masu sauraro na zauren taron Gaveau," in ji daya daga cikin rahotannin Paris. – Sobinov opera arias, Sobinov romances na Tchaikovsky, Sobinov Italiyanci waƙoƙi - duk abin da aka rufe da m tafi ... Ba shi da daraja yada game da fasaharsa: kowa ya san shi. Duk wanda ya taɓa jin shi yana tunawa da muryarsa… Kamus ɗinsa a bayyane yake kamar lu'ulu'u, "kamar lu'ulu'u ne ke zubowa a kan farantin azurfa." Sun saurare shi da motsin rai… mawaƙin ya kasance mai karimci, amma masu sauraro ba su gamsu ba: ta yi shiru kawai lokacin da fitilu suka kashe.

Bayan ya koma ƙasarsu, bisa ga bukatar KS Stanislavsky ya zama mataimakinsa a gudanar da sabon m gidan wasan kwaikwayo.

A shekara ta 1934, mawakin ya fita waje don inganta lafiyarsa. Tuni ya ƙare tafiya zuwa Turai, Sobinov ya tsaya a Riga, inda ya mutu a daren Oktoba 13-14.

"Mallakar kyawawan halaye na mawaƙa, mawaƙa da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mai ban mamaki da fara'a mai ban sha'awa, da kuma na musamman, mai ban sha'awa, "Sobinov's" alheri Leonid Vitalyevich Sobinov ya ƙirƙira hotunan hotunan da suka kasance ƙwararrun wasan opera, in ji EK Katulskaya. - Mawaƙinsa Lensky ("Eugene Onegin") ya zama hoto na al'ada ga masu yin wannan bangare na gaba; His fairy-tale tsar Berendey ("The Snow Maiden"), Bayan ("Ruslan da Lyudmila"), Vladimir Igorevich ("Prince Igor"), m m m cavalier de Grieux ("Manon"), m Levko ("May Night"). ), hotuna masu haske - Vladimir ("Dubrovsky"), Faust ("Faust"), Sinodal ("Demon"), Duke ("Rigoletto"), Yontek ("Pebble"), Yarima ("Mermaid"), Gerald (" Lakme”), Alfreda (La Traviata), Romeo (Romeo da Juliet), Rudolph (La Boheme), Nadir (Masu neman Lu’u-lu’u) cikakkun misalai ne a cikin fasahar wasan opera.”

Sobinov gabaɗaya mutum ne mai hazaka, kyakkyawan mai zance kuma mai karimci da tausayi. Marubuci Korney Chukovsky ya tuna:

“Karimcinsa ya kasance almara. Ya taɓa aika piano a matsayin kyauta ga Makarantar Makafi ta Kyiv, kamar yadda wasu ke aika furanni ko akwati na cakulan. Tare da kide kide da wake-wake, ya ba 45 zinariya rubles ga Mutual Aid Fund of Moscow Students. Ya ba da kyauta cikin fara'a, cikin jin daɗi, mai daɗi, kuma wannan ya jitu da dukan halayensa na kirkire-kirkire: da ba zai kasance babban ɗan wasan fasaha da ya kawo farin ciki ga kowannenmu ba idan ba shi da irin wannan alherin na alheri ga mutane. Anan mutum zai iya jin cewa soyayyar rayuwa ta cika da yawa wacce duk aikinsa ya cika.

Salon fasaharsa ya kasance mai daraja don shi kansa mai daraja ne. Babu dabara na fasaha da zai iya tasowa a cikin kansa irin wannan kyakkyawar murya mai ban sha'awa idan ba shi da wannan gaskiyar. Sun yi imani da Lensky da ya halitta, domin shi kansa ya kasance kamar haka: rashin kulawa, ƙauna, mai sauƙi-zuciya, dogara. Shi ya sa da zarar ya fito a kan fage ya furta kalmar kida ta farko, nan da nan masu sauraro suka fara soyayya da shi – ba kawai a wasansa ba, a cikin muryarsa, har ma da kansa.