Clément Janequin |

Clement Janequin ne adam wata

Duba ta wurin maigidan a gwaninta. V. Shakespeare

Ko ya tsara motets a cikin manyan waƙoƙi, ko ya kuskura ya sake haifar da ruɗani, ko yana isar da zance na mata a cikin waƙoƙinsa, ko ya sake fitar da muryoyin tsuntsaye - a cikin duk abin da babban Janequin ya rera, shi allahntaka ne kuma marar mutuwa. A. Banfa

C. Janequin - Mawallafin Faransanci na farkon rabin karni na XNUMX. - daya daga cikin mafi haske da kuma mafi muhimmanci Figures na Renaissance. Abin baƙin ciki shine, akwai ƙanƙan ingantaccen bayani game da tafarkin rayuwarsa. Amma siffar ɗan adam mai son ɗan adam, mai son rayuwa da ɗan farin ciki, ɗan waƙar waƙa da mai zane-zane mai wayo ya fito fili a cikin aikinsa, daban-daban a cikin makirci da nau'ikan. Kamar yawancin wakilai na al'adun kiɗa na Renaissance, Janequin ya juya zuwa ga al'adun gargajiya na kiɗa mai tsarki - ya rubuta motets, zabura, talakawa. Amma mafi yawan ayyuka na asali, waɗanda suka sami babban nasara tare da mutanen zamani kuma suna riƙe da mahimmancin fasaha har zuwa yau, mawallafin ya halicce su a cikin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i na Faransanci na polyphonic - chanson. A cikin tarihin ci gaban al'adun kiɗa na Faransa, wannan nau'in ya taka muhimmiyar rawa. Kafe a cikin wakar jama'a da al'adun sittin na tsararraki, waɗanda suke a cikin aikin Troubadours da kuma shirye-shirye, Chanson ya bayyana tunani da fatan dukkanin satar al'umma. Sabili da haka, fasalin fasahar Renaissance sun kasance a cikinsa fiye da na halitta da haske fiye da kowane nau'i.

Buga na farko (na sananne) na waƙoƙin Janequin ya samo asali ne a shekara ta 1529, lokacin da Pierre Attenyan, mawallafin kiɗan mafi tsufa a Paris, ya buga yawancin manyan waƙoƙin mawaƙa. Wannan kwanan wata ya zama wani nau'i na farawa a cikin ƙayyadaddun matakai na rayuwa da kuma hanyar kirkiro na mai zane. Matakin farko na tsananin kidan Janequin yana da alaƙa da biranen Bordeaux da Angers. Daga 1533, ya shagaltu da wani babban matsayi a matsayin daraktan kida a cikin Angers Cathedral, wanda ya shahara ga babban matakin wasan kwaikwayon na ɗakin sujada da kyakkyawan sashin jiki. A cikin Angers, babbar cibiyar bil'adama a cikin karni na 10, inda jami'a ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar jama'a, mawaki ya shafe kimanin shekaru XNUMX. (Yana da ban sha'awa cewa matasa na wani fitaccen wakilin al'adun Renaissance na Faransa, Francois Rabelais, kuma yana da alaƙa da Angers. A cikin gabatarwar littafin Gargantua da Pantagruel na huɗu, ya tuna da kyau a shekarun nan.)

Janequin ya bar Angers kusan. 1540 Kusan babu abin da aka sani game da shekaru goma masu zuwa na rayuwarsa. Akwai bayanan shaida na shigar da Janequin a ƙarshen 1540s. don yin hidima a matsayin limamin Duke Francois de Guise. Chansons da yawa sun tsira da sadaukarwa ga nasarar soja na Janequin na Duke. Daga 1555, mawaki ya zama mawaƙa na mawaƙa na sarauta, sa'an nan kuma ya sami lakabin "mawaƙin dindindin" na sarki. Duk da shaharar Turai, nasarar ayyukansa, sake buga tarin chanson da yawa, Zhanequin yana fuskantar matsalar kuɗi mai tsanani. A shekara ta 1559, har ma ya yi wa sarauniyar Faransa wani sako na waka, wanda kai tsaye ya koka game da talauci.

Matsalolin rayuwar yau da kullun ba su karya mawaki ba. Zhanequin ita ce mafi kyawun nau'in halayen Renaissance tare da ruhinta na fara'a da kyakkyawan fata da ba za a iya yankewa ba, da ƙauna ga duk abubuwan farin ciki na duniya, da ikon ganin kyan gani a duniyar da ke kewaye da ita. Kwatanta waƙar Janequin tare da aikin Rabelais ya yadu. Masu zane-zane sun haɗu da juiciness da canza launi na harshe (ga Zhaneken, wannan ba kawai zaɓin rubutun wakoki ba ne, cike da maganganun jama'a masu kyau, kyalkyali da ban dariya, nishaɗi, amma har ma da ƙauna ga cikakkun bayanai masu ban sha'awa. yaɗuwar amfani da fasaha na hoto da na onomatopoeic waɗanda ke ba wa ayyukansa gaskiya na musamman da kuzari). Misali mai haske shine sanannen fantasy muryar murya "Kukan Paris" - daki-daki, kamar yanayin wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwar titin Paris. Bayan gabatarwar da aka auna, inda marubucin ya tambayi masu sauraro idan za su so su saurari dissonance na titin Paris, kashi na farko na wasan kwaikwayon ya fara - kiran kira na masu sayarwa kullum sauti, canzawa da katse juna: "pies, ja. ruwan inabi, herring, tsohon takalma, artichokes, madara , beets, cherries, Rasha wake, chestnuts, tattabarai ... "The taki na yi yana samun sauri, samar da a cikin wannan flowery dissonance hoto hade da hyperbole na" Gargantua ". Fantasy ya ƙare da kira: “Ji! Ji kukan Paris!”

An haifi wasu waƙoƙin waƙoƙi masu ban sha'awa na Janequin a matsayin martani ga muhimman abubuwan tarihi na zamaninsa. Daya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukan mawakin, The Battle, ya bayyana yakin Marignano a watan Satumba na 1515, inda sojojin Faransa suka fatattaki Swiss. A cikin haske da annashuwa, kamar a kan faifan yaƙi na Titian da Tintoretto, an rubuta hoton sautin fresco na kaɗe-kaɗe. Jikinta - kiran bugle - yana gudana cikin dukkan sassan aikin. Dangane da makircin waka da ke bayyana, wannan chanson ya ƙunshi sassa biyu: 1h. - shirye-shiryen yakin, 2 hours - bayaninsa. Ya bambanta nau'in rubutun mawaƙa, mawaƙin yana bin rubutun, yana ƙoƙarin isar da tashin hankali na lokacin ƙarshe kafin yaƙin da jarumtakar ƙudurin sojoji. A cikin hoton yaƙin, Zhanequin ya yi amfani da sabbin abubuwa da yawa, masu ƙarfin zuciya ga lokacinsa, dabarun onomatopoeia: sassan muryoyin mawaƙa suna kwaikwayi bugun ganguna, siginar ƙaho, hargitsin takubba.

chanson "Battle of Marignano", wanda ya zama gano ga zamaninsa, ya haifar da kwaikwayi da yawa a tsakanin 'yan uwan ​​Janequin da wajen Faransa. Mawaƙin da kansa ya maimaita kansa ya juya zuwa irin wannan nau'in, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga haɓakar kishin ƙasa wanda sakamakon nasarar Faransa ya haifar ("Yaƙin Metz" - 1555 da "Yaƙin Renty" - 1559). Tasirin jarumtakar jarumtakar jarumtakar kishin kasa ta Janeken a kan masu sauraro ya yi matukar karfi. Kamar yadda daya daga cikin mutanen zamaninsa ya shaida, “lokacin da aka yi “Yakin Marignano”… kowanne daga cikin wadanda ke wurin ya dauki makami ya dauki matakin yaki.”

Daga cikin zane-zane na zane-zane na zane-zane da zane-zane na nau'i da kuma rayuwar yau da kullum, waɗanda aka kirkira ta hanyar waƙoƙin waƙa, masu sha'awar basirar Zhanequin sun ware Deer Farauta, wasan kwaikwayo na omatopoeic na Birdsong, The Nightingale da kuma wasan ban dariya na mata. Makircin, kiɗan kyawawa, cikakken sautin ma'anar bayanai da yawa suna haifar da ƙungiyoyi tare da zane-zane na masu fasahar Dutch, waɗanda suka ba da mahimmanci ga mafi ƙarancin bayanai da aka nuna akan zane.

Kalmomin murya na ɗakin mawaƙi ba su da masaniya ga masu sauraro fiye da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan waƙoƙinsa. A farkon lokacin aikinsa, Zhanequin ya ja hankalin zuwa ga waƙar Clement Marot, ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙan da A. Pushkin ya fi so. Daga 1530s chanson ya bayyana a kan wakokin mawaƙa na shahararrun "Pleiades" - al'ummar kirkire-kirkire na fitattun mawaƙa bakwai waɗanda suka sanya sunan ƙungiyar su don tunawa da ƙungiyar mawaƙa na Alexandria. A cikin aikinsu, Zhanequin ya burge shi da salo da kyan hotuna, da kade-kade na salon, da dumbin ji. Sanannun waƙoƙin murya ne bisa ayoyin P. Ronsard, “sarkin mawaƙa,” kamar yadda mutanen zamaninsa suka kira shi, J. Du Bellay, A. Baif. Guillaume Cotelet da Claudin de Sermisy sun ci gaba da al'adun fasahar ɗan adam ta Janequin a fagen waƙar polyphonic.

N. Yavorskaya