Arcangelo Corelli (Arcangelo Corelli) |
Arcangelo Corelli
Ayyukan fitaccen mawaki na Italiyanci da violin A. Corelli ya yi tasiri sosai a kan kiɗan kayan aiki na Turai na ƙarshen XNUMXth - farkon rabin karni na XNUMX, an yi la'akari da shi daidai wanda ya kafa makarantar violin Italiya. Yawancin manyan mawakan zamani masu zuwa, gami da JS Bach da GF Handel, sun fi kima da kima na kayan aikin Corelli. Ya nuna kansa ba kawai a matsayin mawaki kuma mai ban mamaki violin, amma kuma a matsayin malami (Makarantar Corelli na da dukan galaxy na m masters) da kuma shugaba (shi ne shugaban daban-daban instrumental ensembles). Ƙirƙirar Corelli da ayyukansa daban-daban sun buɗe sabon shafi a cikin tarihin kiɗa da nau'ikan kiɗan.
An san kadan game da farkon rayuwar Corelli. Ya sami darussan kiɗa na farko daga wani firist. Bayan canza malamai da yawa, Corelli ƙarshe ya ƙare a Bologna. Wannan birni ya kasance wurin haifuwar mawaƙan Italiyanci masu ban mamaki, kuma zaman da aka yi a can yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan makomar matashin mawaki. A Bologna, Corelli yana karatu a ƙarƙashin jagorancin shahararren malamin J. Benvenuti. Gaskiyar cewa a cikin ƙuruciyarsa Corelli ya sami gagarumar nasara a fagen wasan violin yana nuna cewa a cikin 1670, yana da shekaru 17, an shigar da shi sanannen Bologna Academy. A cikin 1670s Corelli ya koma Roma. A nan yana wasa a rukunin kade-kade daban-daban da kuma dakin taro, yana jagorantar wasu gungun, kuma ya zama babban malamin coci. An sani daga haruffa Corelli cewa a cikin 1679 ya shiga hidimar Sarauniya Christina ta Sweden. A matsayinsa na mawaƙin kaɗe-kaɗe, ya kuma shiga cikin haɗakarwa – yana tsara sonata don taimakonsa. Aikin farko na Corelli (12 coci trio sonatas) ya bayyana a cikin 1681. A tsakiyar 1680s. Corelli ya shiga hidimar Cardinal Roman P. Ottoboni, inda ya kasance har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa. Bayan 1708, ya yi ritaya daga magana da jama'a kuma ya mayar da hankali ga dukan ƙarfinsa a kan kerawa.
Ƙungiyoyin Corelli kaɗan ne a adadi: a cikin 1685, bin opus na farko, ɗakinsa trio sonatas op. 2, a cikin 1689 - 12 coci trio sonatas op. 3, a cikin 1694 - chamber trio sonatas op. 4, a cikin 1700 - chamber trio sonatas op. 5. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1714, bayan mutuwar Corelli, wasan kwaikwayo na grossi op. An buga shi a Amsterdam. 6. Waɗannan tarin tarin, da kuma wasannin kwaikwayo da yawa, sun zama gadon Corelli. Abubuwan da ya yi an yi niyya ne don kayan kidan ruku'u (violin, viola da gamba) tare da garaya ko gaba a matsayin kayan kida.
Ƙirƙirar Corelli ya haɗa da manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halitta guda biyu ne: sonatas da sonatas da kuma kide-kide. A cikin aikin Corelli ne aka samar da nau'in sonata a cikin nau'in da yake da halayyar zamanin preclassical. Corelli's sonatas sun kasu kashi biyu: coci da ɗakin. Sun bambanta duka biyu a cikin abun da ke ciki na masu yin wasan kwaikwayo (gaban yana tare da sonata coci, da garaya a cikin ɗakin sonata), kuma a cikin abun ciki (ana bambanta cocin sonata da tsananinta da zurfin abun ciki, ɗakin ɗaya yana kusa da dance suite). Kayan aikin kayan aikin da aka haɗa irin waɗannan sonata sun haɗa da muryoyin waƙa guda 2 ( violin 2) da rakiyar (Gaba, garaya, viola da gamba). Shi ya sa ake kiran su trio sonatas.
Concertos na Corelli suma sun zama wani fitaccen al'amari a wannan nau'in. Nau'in wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo ya wanzu tun kafin Corelli. Ya kasance daya daga cikin magabatan wakokin kade-kade. Tunanin nau'in nau'in nau'i ne na gasa tsakanin rukuni na kayan kida na solo (a cikin Concertos Corelli wannan rawar da violin 2 da cello ke taka) tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa: don haka an gina kide-kide a matsayin madadin solo da tutti. Concertos 12 na Corelli, waɗanda aka rubuta a cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwar mawaƙin, sun zama ɗayan shafuka masu haske a cikin kiɗan kayan aiki na farkon ƙarni na XNUMX. Har yanzu watakila su ne mafi mashahuri aikin Corelli.
A. Pilgun
violin kayan kida ne na asalin ƙasa. An haife ta a kusan karni na XNUMX kuma ta daɗe tana wanzuwa cikin mutane kawai. "Yin amfani da violin a cikin rayuwar jama'a ana kwatanta shi da kyau ta hanyar zane-zane da zane-zane da yawa na karni na XNUMX. Shirye-shiryensu shine: violin da cello a hannun mawaƙa masu yawo, ƴan wasan violin na ƙauye, mutane masu nishadi a wurin baje koli da raye-raye, wurin shagali da raye-raye, a mashaya da gidajen abinci. Har ila yau, violin ya haifar da halin raini game da shi: “Kan haɗu da mutane kaɗan waɗanda suke amfani da shi, sai waɗanda ke rayuwa ta wurin aikinsu. Ana amfani da ita don rawa a bukukuwan aure, masquerades, "in ji Philibert Iron Leg, mawaƙin Faransanci kuma masanin kimiyya a farkon rabin ƙarni na XNUMX.
Wani ra'ayi mara kyau na violin a matsayin kayan aikin jama'a na yau da kullun yana nunawa a cikin maganganu da karin magana. A cikin Faransanci, kalmar violin (violin) har yanzu ana amfani da ita azaman la'ana, sunan mara amfani, wawa; a Turance ana kiran violin fiddle, kuma masu son violin na jama’a su ake kira fiddler; a lokaci guda kuma, waɗannan maganganu suna da ma'ana mara kyau: kalmar fi'ili na nufin - yin magana a banza, yin zance; fiddlingmann yana fassara azaman ɓarawo.
A cikin fasahar jama'a, akwai manyan masu fasaha a cikin mawaƙa masu yawo, amma tarihi bai adana sunayensu ba. Dan wasan violin na farko da aka san mu shine Battista Giacomelli. Ya rayu a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX kuma ya ji daɗin shahara mai ban mamaki. Masu zamani suna kiransa il violino.
Manyan makarantun violin sun tashi a cikin ƙarni na XNUMX a Italiya. An kafa su a hankali kuma an danganta su da cibiyoyin kiɗan biyu na wannan ƙasa - Venice da Bologna.
Venice, jamhuriyar ciniki, ta daɗe tana rayuwar birni mai hayaniya. Akwai bude gidajen wasan kwaikwayo. An shirya raye-raye masu ban sha'awa a dandalin tare da halartar jama'a, mawaƙa masu tafiya sun nuna fasaharsu kuma galibi ana gayyatar su zuwa gidajen patrician. An fara lura da violin kuma har ma an fi son sauran kayan aiki. Ya yi kyau sosai a cikin ɗakunan wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma a lokacin bukukuwan ƙasa; da kyau ya bambanta da viola mai dadi amma shiru ta wadatar, kyakkyawa da cikar timbre, sauti mai kyau solo kuma a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa.
Makarantar Venetian ta sami tsari a cikin shekaru goma na biyu na karni na 1629. A cikin aikin shugabanta, Biagio Marini, an aza harsashi na nau'in solo violin sonata. Wakilan makarantar Venetian sun kasance kusa da fasahar jama'a, da son rai a cikin abubuwan da suka yi amfani da su a cikin dabarun wasan violin na jama'a. Don haka, Biagio Marini ya rubuta (XNUMX) "Ritornello quinto" don violin biyu da quitaron (watau bass lute), mai tunawa da kiɗan rawa na jama'a, kuma Carlo Farina a cikin "Capriccio Stravagante" ya yi amfani da tasirin onomatopoeic daban-daban, yana aro su daga al'adar yawo. makada . A cikin Capriccio, violin yana kwaikwayon hazon karnuka, ƙwanƙarar kyanwa, kukan zakara, cackling na kaza, buhun sojoji masu tafiya da sauransu.
Bologna ita ce cibiyar ruhaniya ta Italiya, cibiyar kimiyya da fasaha, birnin makarantun ilimi. A cikin Bologna na karni na XNUMX, har yanzu ana jin tasirin ra'ayoyin ɗan adam, al'adun marigayi Renaissance sun rayu, saboda haka makarantar violin da aka kafa a nan ta bambanta da ta Venetian. Bolognese ya nemi ya ba da furcin murya ga kiɗan kayan aiki, tunda an ɗauki muryar ɗan adam a matsayin mafi girman ma'auni. Violin dole ne ya rera waƙa, an kamanta shi da soprano, har ma da rajistansa ya iyakance ga matsayi uku, wato, iyakar muryar mace.
Makarantar violin ta Bologna ta ƙunshi ƙwararrun 'yan wasan violin da yawa - D. Torelli, J.-B. Bassani, J.-B. Vitali. Ayyukansu da ƙwarewarsu sun shirya wannan tsattsauran ra'ayi, mai daraja, salon ban tausayi, wanda ya sami mafi girman magana a cikin aikin Arcangelo Corelli.
Corelli… Wanene daga cikin violinists bai san wannan sunan ba! Yara matasa na makarantun kiɗa da kwalejoji suna nazarin sonatas, kuma ana yinsa na Concerti grossi a cikin dakunan jama'ar philharmonic ta hanyar shahararrun mashahuran malamai. A cikin 1953, dukan duniya sun yi bikin cika shekaru 300 na haihuwar Corelli, yana danganta aikinsa tare da mafi girman nasara na fasahar Italiyanci. Kuma lalle ne, idan ka yi tunani game da shi, ba da gangan ka kwatanta da tsarki da kuma daraja music ya halitta da fasahar na sculptors, gine-gine da kuma zanen na Renaissance. Tare da sauƙi mai hikima na sonatas coci, ya yi kama da zane-zane na Leonardo da Vinci, kuma tare da haske, kalmomin zuciya da jituwa na sonatas ɗakin, yana kama da Raphael.
A lokacin rayuwarsa, Corelli ya ji daɗin shahara a duniya. Kuperin, Handel, J.-S. sunkuyar dakai gareshi. Bach; tsararraki na violinists sunyi karatu akan sonatas. Ga Handel, sonatas ya zama abin koyi na aikinsa; Bach ya aro daga gare shi jigogi na fugues kuma bashi da yawa a gare shi a cikin farin ciki na salon violin na ayyukansa.
An haifi Corelli a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1653 a wani karamin gari na Romagna Fusignano, wanda ke tsakanin Ravenna da Bologna. Iyayensa na cikin adadin masu ilimi da masu hannu da shuni na garin. A cikin kakannin Corelli akwai firistoci da yawa, likitoci, masana kimiyya, lauyoyi, mawaƙa, amma ba mawaƙa ɗaya ba!
Mahaifin Corelli ya mutu wata daya kafin haihuwar Arcangelo; tare da kannensa guda hudu, mahaifiyarsa ta rene shi. Lokacin da yaron ya fara girma, mahaifiyarsa ta kawo shi Faenza don limamin yankin ya ba shi darussan kiɗa na farko. An ci gaba da karatu a Lugo, sannan a Bologna, inda Corelli ya ƙare a 1666.
Bayanan tarihin rayuwa game da wannan lokacin na rayuwarsa ba su da yawa. An sani kawai cewa a Bologna ya yi karatu tare da violinist Giovanni Benvenuti.
Shekarun koyan Corelli sun zo daidai da lokacin da makarantar Bolognese ta koyar da violin. Wanda ya kafa ta, Ercole Gaibara, shi ne malamin Giovanni Benvenuti da Leonardo Brugnoli, wanda babban gwaninta ba zai iya yin tasiri sosai a kan matashin mawaki ba. Arcangelo Corelli ya kasance zamani na irin hazikan wakilai na fasahar violin na Bolognese kamar Giuseppe Torelli, Giovanni Battista Bassani (1657-1716) da Giovanni Battista Vitali (1644-1692) da sauransu.
Bologna ya shahara ba kawai ga masu violin ba. A lokaci guda, Domenico Gabrielli ya aza harsashi na cello solo music. Akwai makarantu hudu a cikin birni - ƙungiyoyin kide-kide na kiɗa waɗanda suka ja hankalin ƙwararru da masu son zuwa taronsu. A cikin ɗayansu - Kwalejin Philharmonic, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1650, an shigar da Corelli yana ɗan shekara 17 a matsayin cikakken memba.
Inda Corelli ya rayu daga 1670 zuwa 1675 ba a sani ba. Tarihin rayuwar sa sun sabawa juna. J.-J. Rousseau ya ba da rahoton cewa a shekara ta 1673 Corelli ya ziyarci birnin Paris kuma a can ya yi babban rikici da Lully. Marubucin tarihin rayuwar Pencherle ya karyata Rousseau, yana mai cewa Corelli bai taba zuwa Paris ba. Padre Martini, daya daga cikin mashahuran mawakan na karni na XNUMX, ya nuna cewa Corelli ya shafe wadannan shekaru a Fusignano, "amma ya yanke shawarar, domin ya gamsar da sha'awarsa kuma, yana mai da hankali ga nacin abokai da yawa, don zuwa Roma. inda ya yi karatu a karkashin jagorancin sanannen Pietro Simonelli, tare da karbar ka'idodin ƙididdiga tare da sauƙi mai sauƙi, godiya ga wanda ya zama mai kyau da kuma cikakken mawaki.
Corelli ya koma Roma a shekara ta 1675. Halin da ake ciki yana da wuyar gaske. A lokacin karni na XNUMXth-XNUMXth, Italiya ta shiga cikin yakin basasa mai tsanani kuma ta rasa tsohuwar mahimmancin siyasa. An ƙara faɗaɗa masu shiga tsakani daga Ostiriya, Faransa, da Spain a cikin rikicin cikin gida. Rarrabuwar kasa, ci gaba da yake-yake ya haifar da raguwar kasuwanci, tabarbarewar tattalin arziki, da kuma tabarbarewar kasa. A yankuna da yawa, an dawo da umarnin feudal, mutane sun yi nishi saboda buƙatun da ba za a iya jurewa ba.
An kara maida martanin malamai ga abin da ya faru. Cocin Katolika ya nemi ya dawo da ikonsa na farko a cikin tunani. Da tsananin ƙarfi, sabani na zamantakewa ya bayyana daidai a Roma, cibiyar Katolika. Duk da haka, a cikin babban birnin kasar akwai ban mamaki opera da wasan kwaikwayo, da'irar adabi da na kida da kuma salon gyara gashi. Hakika, mahukunta sun zalunce su. A cikin 1697, bisa ga umarnin Paparoma Innocent XII, gidan wasan opera mafi girma a Roma, Tor di Nona, an rufe shi azaman "fasikanci".
Ƙoƙarin Ikklisiya don hana ci gaban al'adun duniya bai haifar da sakamakon da ake so ba - rayuwar kiɗa kawai ta fara mayar da hankali a cikin gidajen abokan ciniki. Kuma a cikin limaman coci za a iya saduwa da mutane masu ilimi waɗanda ra’ayin ɗan adam ya bambanta kuma ba sa son ra’ayin ikilisiya. Biyu daga cikinsu - Cardinal Panfili da Ottoboni - sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar Corelli.
A Roma, Corelli da sauri ya sami matsayi mai girma da karfi. Da farko, ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan violin na biyu a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa na gidan wasan kwaikwayo Tor di Nona, sannan na uku na masu violin huɗu a cikin ƙungiyar Cocin Faransa na St. Louis. Duk da haka, bai daɗe ba a matsayin ɗan wasan violin na biyu. Ranar 6 ga Janairu, 1679, a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Capranica, ya gudanar da aikin abokinsa mawaki Bernardo Pasquini "Dove e amore e pieta". A wannan lokacin, an riga an ƙididdige shi a matsayin ɗan wasan violin mai ban mamaki, wanda ba a iya misalta shi ba. Kalmomin abbot F. Raguenay na iya zama shaida na abin da aka faɗa: “Na gani a Roma,” in ji abbot, “a cikin opera guda ɗaya, Corelli, Pasquini da Gaetano, waɗanda, ba shakka, suna da mafi kyawun violin. , garaya da kuma theorbo a duniya.”
Yana yiwuwa daga 1679 zuwa 1681 Corelli ya kasance a Jamus. M. Pencherl ya bayyana wannan zato, bisa ga gaskiyar cewa a cikin waɗannan shekarun Corelli ba a lissafta shi a matsayin ma'aikacin ƙungiyar makaɗa na cocin St ... Louis. Majiyoyi daban-daban sun ambaci cewa ya kasance a Munich, ya yi aiki ga Duke na Bavaria, ya ziyarci Heidelberg da Hanover. Duk da haka, Pencherl ya kara da cewa, babu wata shaida da aka tabbatar.
A kowane hali, tun 1681, Corelli ya kasance a Roma, sau da yawa yana yin aiki a cikin ɗayan mafi kyawun salon gyara gashi na babban birnin Italiya - salon Sarauniyar Sweden Christina. Pencherl ya rubuta: “Madawwamiyar Birni, a lokacin ta cika da yawan nishaɗin duniya. Gidajen Aristocratic sun yi gogayya da juna ta fuskar bukukuwa daban-daban, wasan ban dariya da wasan opera, wasan kwaikwayo na virtuosos. Daga cikin irin waɗannan majiɓintan kamar Prince Ruspoli, Constable of Columns, Rospigliosi, Cardinal Savelli, Duchess na Bracciano, Christina ta Sweden ta yi fice, wanda duk da rashin amincewarta, ya ci gaba da yin tasiri a watan Agusta. An bambanta ta da asali, 'yancin kai na hali, rayayyun hankali da hankali; Ana yawan kiran ta da "Arewa Pallas".
Christina ta zauna a Roma a 1659 kuma ta kewaye kanta da masu fasaha, marubuta, masana kimiyya, masu fasaha. Ta mallaki dukiya mai yawa, ta shirya gagarumin biki a cikin Palazzo Riario. Yawancin tarihin rayuwar Corelli sun ambaci hutun da ta bayar don girmama jakadan Ingila da ya isa Roma a 1687 don tattaunawa da Paparoma a madadin Sarki James II, wanda ya nemi maido da Katolika a Ingila. Bikin ya samu halartar mawaka 100 da kungiyar kade-kade na kade-kade 150, karkashin jagorancin Corelli. Corelli ya sadaukar da aikinsa na farko da aka buga, Cocin Goma sha biyu Trio Sonatas, wanda aka buga a 1681, ga Christina ta Sweden.
Corelli bai bar ƙungiyar makaɗa na cocin St. Louis ba kuma ya yi mulkinta a duk lokacin bukukuwan coci har zuwa 1708. Juyin juya halinsa shine 9 ga Yuli, 1687, lokacin da aka gayyace shi zuwa hidimar Cardinal Panfili, wanda daga gare shi a 1690. ya koma hidimar Cardinal Ottoboni. Wani dan kasar Venetia, dan uwan Paparoma Alexander na VIII, Ottoboni shi ne mutumin da ya fi kowa ilimi a zamaninsa, masanin kade-kade da wake-wake, kuma mai taimakon agaji. Ya rubuta wasan opera “II Colombo obero l’India scoperta” (1691), kuma Alessandro Scarlatti ya kirkiro wasan opera “Statira” akan libretto.
Blainville ya rubuta: “Don in gaya muku gaskiya, rigunan limamai ba su dace da Cardinal Ottoboni sosai ba, wanda ke da kyakykyawan kyawu da kyawu kuma, a fili, yana shirye ya musanya limaman addininsa da na boko. Ottoboni yana son wakoki, kiɗa da al'ummar masu ilimi. Kowane kwanaki 14 yana shirya tarurruka (makarantun) inda malamai da malamai ke haduwa, kuma inda Quintus Sectanus, aka Monsignor Segardi, ke taka muhimmiyar rawa. Har ila yau, Mai Tsarki yana kula da mafi kyawun mawaƙa da sauran masu fasaha, daga cikinsu akwai shahararren Arcangelo Corelli.
Majami'ar Cardinal ta ƙunshi mawaƙa sama da 30; a karkashin jagorancin Corelli, ya haɓaka zuwa rukuni na farko. Mai nema da kulawa, Arcangelo ya sami daidaito na musamman na wasan da haɗin kai na bugun jini, wanda ya riga ya zama sabon sabon abu. “Zai dakatar da ƙungiyar mawaƙa da zarar ya ga karkata a cikin aƙalla baka ɗaya,” in ji ɗalibinsa Geminiani. Masu zamani sun yi magana game da ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Ottoboni a matsayin "mu'ujiza na kiɗa".
A ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 1706, an shigar da Corelli a Kwalejin Arcadia, wanda aka kafa a Roma a cikin 1690 - don karewa da kuma ɗaukaka shahararrun waƙa da balaga. Arcadia, wanda ya haɗu da sarakuna da masu fasaha a cikin 'yan'uwantaka na ruhaniya, an ƙidaya a cikin membobinta Alessandro Scarlatti, Arcangelo Corelli, Bernardo Pasquini, Benedetto Marcello.
“Babban ƙungiyar makaɗa da aka buga a Arcadia a ƙarƙashin sandar Corelli, Pasquini ko Scarlatti. Ya tsunduma cikin inganta harkar waka da kade-kade, wanda ya haifar da gasar fasaha tsakanin mawaka da mawaka.
Tun 1710 Corelli daina yin aiki da kuma tsunduma kawai a cikin abun da ke ciki, aiki a kan halittar "Concerti Grossi". A ƙarshen 1712, ya bar fadar Ottoboni kuma ya koma gidansa na sirri, inda ya ajiye kayansa na sirri, kayan kida da kuma tarin zane-zane (zane-zane 136 da zane-zane), wanda ya ƙunshi zane-zane na Trevisani, Maratti, Brueghel, Poussin. shimfidar wurare, Madonna Sassoferrato. Corelli ya kasance mai ilimi sosai kuma ya kasance ƙwararren masanin zane.
A ranar 5 ga Janairu, 1713, ya rubuta wasiyya, inda ya bar zanen Brueghel ga Cardinal Colonne, daya daga cikin zane-zanen da ya zaba ga Cardinal Ottoboni, da duk kayan kida da rubuce-rubucen abubuwan da ya rubuta ga dalibinsa mai kauna Matteo Farnari. Bai manta ba ya ba wa bayinsa Pippo (Philippa Graziani) da 'yar uwarsa Olympia kudin fansho na rayuwa. Corelli ya mutu a daren ranar 8 ga Janairu, 1713. "Mutuwar sa ta ba wa Roma da duniya baƙin ciki." A nacewar Ottoboni, Corelli an binne shi a cikin Pantheon na Santa Maria della Rotunda a matsayin ɗayan manyan mawaƙa a Italiya.
“Corelli mawaki da Corelli virtuoso ba za su iya rabuwa da juna ba,” in ji masanin tarihin kiɗan Soviet K. Rosenshield. "Dukansu sun tabbatar da babban salon al'ada a cikin fasahar violin, tare da haɗa zurfin kuzarin kiɗan tare da daidaitaccen tsari, tunanin Italiyanci tare da cikakkiyar ma'ana, farkon ma'ana."
A cikin wallafe-wallafen Soviet game da Corelli, an lura da yawancin haɗin gwiwar aikinsa tare da waƙoƙin jama'a da raye-raye. A cikin gigues na sonatas chamber, ana iya jin raye-rayen raye-rayen jama'a, kuma fitaccen mashahurin ayyukansa na solo violin, Folia, cike yake da jigon waƙar jama'ar Sipaniya da Portugal wacce ke ba da labari game da ƙauna mara daɗi.
Wani fanni na hotunan kida da aka yi da Corelli a cikin nau'in sonatas na coci. Waɗannan ayyukan nasa suna cike da maɗaukakiyar cututtuka, kuma siraran siffofin fugue allegro suna tsammanin fugues na J.-S. Bach. Kamar Bach, Corelli yana ba da labari a cikin sonatas game da zurfafan abubuwan ɗan adam. Ra'ayinsa na ɗan adam na duniya bai ba shi damar yin aikin nasa ga dalilai na addini ba.
Corelli ya bambanta da buƙatu na musamman akan kiɗan da ya tsara. Ko da yake ya fara nazarin abun da ke ciki a cikin 70s na karni na 6 kuma ya yi aiki sosai a duk rayuwarsa, duk da haka, daga cikin dukan abin da ya rubuta, ya buga kawai 1 cycles (opus 6-12), wanda ya hada da ginin jituwa na nasa. al'adun kirkira: 1681 coci trio sonatas (12); 1685 chamber trio sonatas (12); 1689 coci uku sonatas (12); 1694 chamber trio sonatas (6); tarin sonatas don violin solo tare da bass - Ikilisiya 6 da ɗakin 1700 (12) da 6 Grand Concertos (concerto grosso) - 6 coci da 1712 ɗakin (XNUMX).
Lokacin da ra'ayoyin fasaha suka buƙaci shi, Corelli bai daina karya ƙa'idodin canonized ba. Tarin na biyu na sonatas na uku ya haifar da cece-kuce tsakanin mawakan Bolognese. Yawancinsu sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da "haramta" daidaitattun kashi biyar da aka yi amfani da su a wurin. Dangane da wata wasiƙar da ta ruɗe da aka aika masa, ko da gangan ya yi, Corelli ya amsa cikin tsanaki kuma ya zargi abokan hamayyarsa da rashin sanin ƙa'idodin haɗin kai na farko: “Ban ga girman girman iliminsu na ƙirƙira da ƙirar ƙira ba, domin idan aka kwatanta da abubuwan da suka dace. An motsa su cikin fasaha kuma sun fahimci dabara da zurfinta, za su san menene jituwa da yadda za ta iya yin sihiri, da ɗaukaka ruhin ɗan adam, kuma ba za su kasance ƙanƙanta ba - ingancin da yawanci jahilci ke samarwa.
Salon Corelli's sonatas yanzu yana kama da kamewa da tsauri. Duk da haka, a lokacin rayuwar mawaki, an gane ayyukansa daban. Italiyanci sonatas "Abin mamaki! ji, tunani da rai, - Raguenay ya rubuta a cikin aikin da aka ambata, - 'yan wasan violin da ke yin su suna ƙarƙashin ikon su na ban tsoro; Suna azabtar da violinsu. kamar an mallaka."
Yin la'akari da yawancin tarihin rayuwa, Corelli yana da ma'auni mai kyau, wanda kuma ya bayyana kansa a cikin wasan. Duk da haka, Hawkins a cikin The History of Music ya rubuta: “Wani mutum da ya gan shi yana wasa ya yi da’awar cewa a lokacin wasan kwaikwayon idanunsa sun cika da jini, suka zama jajayen wuta, kuma almajiran sun juya kamar suna cikin azaba.” Yana da wuya a yarda da irin wannan bayanin "launi", amma watakila akwai ƙwayar gaskiya a ciki.
Hawkins ya ba da labarin cewa sau ɗaya a Roma, Corelli ya kasa kunna nassi a cikin Handel's Concerto grosso. "Handel ya yi ƙoƙari a banza don ya bayyana wa Corelli, shugaban ƙungiyar makaɗa, yadda ake yin wasan kwaikwayo kuma, a ƙarshe, ya yi rashin haƙuri, ya kwace violin daga hannunsa ya buga da kansa. Sai Corelli ya amsa masa da mafi ladabi: "Amma, masoyi Saxon, wannan kiɗan salon Faransanci ne, wanda ba ni da kwarewa." A haƙiƙa, an buga wasan “Trionfo del tempo”, wanda aka rubuta a cikin salon wasan kide-kide na Corelli, tare da violin na solo guda biyu. Haƙiƙa Handelian yana cikin iko, baƙon abu ne ga yanayin sanyi, kyawun yanayin wasan Corelli "kuma bai sami nasarar" kai hari ba "da isasshiyar ƙarfin waɗannan ruɗani."
Pencherl ya bayyana wani lamari makamancin haka tare da Corelli, wanda kawai za a iya fahimta ta hanyar tunawa da wasu fasalulluka na makarantar violin na Bolognese. Kamar yadda aka ambata, Bolognese, ciki har da Corelli, sun iyakance kewayon violin zuwa matsayi uku kuma sun yi hakan da gangan saboda sha'awar kawo kayan aiki kusa da sautin muryar ɗan adam. A sakamakon haka, Corelli, wanda ya fi yin wasan kwaikwayo a zamaninsa, ya mallaki violin a cikin matsayi uku kawai. Da zarar an gayyace shi zuwa Naples, zuwa kotun sarki. A wurin wasan kwaikwayo, an ba shi damar buga wasan violin a cikin wasan opera Alessandro Scarlatti, wanda ke ɗauke da nassi mai manyan mukamai, kuma Corelli ya kasa yin wasa. A cikin rudani, ya fara aria na gaba maimakon C ƙananan a cikin manyan C. "Mu sake yi," in ji Scarlatti. Corelli ya sake farawa a cikin manyan, kuma mawaki ya sake katse shi. "Malakawa Corelli ya ji kunya sosai har ya gwammace ya koma Roma cikin nutsuwa."
Corelli ya kasance mai tawali'u a rayuwarsa. Dukiyar gidansa kawai tarin zane-zane da kayan aiki ne, amma kayan sun ƙunshi kujerun hannu da kujeru, teburi huɗu, wanda ɗaya daga cikinsu ya kasance alabaster a salon gabas, gado mai sauƙi marar alfarwa, bagadi mai gicciye da biyu. kirjin aljihu. Handel ya ba da rahoton cewa Corelli yawanci sanye da bakaken kaya, yana sanye da riga mai duhu, koyaushe yana tafiya yana nuna rashin amincewa idan an ba shi abin hawa.
Rayuwar Corelli, gabaɗaya, ta yi kyau. An gane shi, an girmama shi da girmamawa. Ko da kasancewa a cikin sabis na abokan ciniki, bai sha ruwan zafi ba, wanda, alal misali, ya tafi Mozart. Dukansu Panfili da Ottoboni sun zama mutanen da suka yaba da ƙwararren mai zane. Ottoboni babban abokin Corelli ne da dukan iyalinsa. Pencherle ya nakalto wasikun Cardinal zuwa ga wakilin Ferrara, inda ya nemi taimako ga ’yan’uwan Arcangelo, waɗanda suke cikin dangin da yake ƙauna da ƙwazo da tausayi na musamman. Kewaye da tausayi da sha'awa, amintaccen kuɗi, Corelli zai iya ba da kansa cikin nutsuwa ga ƙirƙira mafi yawan rayuwarsa.
Kadan ne za a iya faɗi game da koyarwar Corelli, amma duk da haka a fili ya kasance ƙwararren malami. Mawallafin violin masu ban mamaki sun yi karatu a ƙarƙashinsa, wanda a farkon rabin karni na 1697 ya sami ɗaukaka na fasahar violin na Italiya - Pietro Locatelli, Francisco Geminiani, Giovanni Battista Somis. Kusan XNUMX, ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ɗalibansa, Ingilishi Lord Edinhomb, ya ba da izinin hoton Corelli daga mai zane Hugo Howard. Wannan shine kawai hoton da ke akwai na babban dan wasan violin. Manyan siffofin fuskarsa suna da girma da nutsuwa, jajircewa da girman kai. Don haka ya kasance a cikin rayuwa, mai sauƙi da girman kai, jaruntaka da mutuntaka.
L. Rabin
