Guillaume Dufay |
William Dufay
Mawaƙin Franco-Flemish, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa makarantar magana ta harshen Holland (duba. Makarantar Dutch). Ya girma a cikin metris (makarantar coci) a cathedral a Cambrai, ya rera waƙa a cikin begen samari; nazarin abun da ke ciki tare da P. de Loqueville da H. Grenon. Rubuce-rubucen farko (motet, ballad) an rubuta su yayin zaman Dufay a kotun Malatesta da Rimini a Pesaro (1420-26). A cikin 1428-37 ya kasance mawaƙa a ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Paparoma a Roma, ya ziyarci birane da yawa a Italiya (Rome, Turin, Bologna, Florence, da dai sauransu), Faransa, da Duchy na Savoy. Bayan ya ɗauki umarni masu tsarki, ya zauna a kotun Duke na Savoy (1437-44). Ana komawa Cambrai lokaci-lokaci; bayan 1445 ya zauna a can na dindindin, yana kula da duk ayyukan kiɗa na babban coci.
Dufay ya haɓaka babban nau'in nau'in polyphony na Dutch - taro mai murya 4. Cantus firmus, wanda ke faruwa a cikin ɓangaren tenor kuma yana haɗa dukkan sassa na taro, sau da yawa yana aro daga gare shi daga waƙoƙin jama'a ko na duniya ("Ƙaramar fuskarta ta juya kodadde" - "Se la face au pale", ca. 1450). 1450-60s - koli na aikin Dufay, lokacin ƙirƙirar manyan ayyukan cyclic - talakawa. 9 cikakken taro an san su, kazalika da sassa daban-daban na talakawa, motets (na ruhaniya da na duniya, na al'ada, waƙoƙin motets), ƙaƙƙarfan sautin murya na duniya - chanson Faransanci, waƙoƙin Italiyanci, da sauransu.
A cikin kidan Dufay, an zayyana ma'ajiyar ajiyar kaya, dangantakar tonic da rinjaye ta bayyana, layukan waƙa sun bayyana a fili; an haɗa da taimako na musamman na babbar murya mai daɗi tare da yin amfani da kwaikwayi, dabarun canonical kusa da kiɗan jama'a.
Fasahar Dufay, wacce ta mamaye nasarorin da yawa na Ingilishi, Faransanci, kiɗan Italiyanci, sun sami karɓuwa na Turai kuma yana da babban tasiri akan ci gaban makarantar polyphonic na Dutch (har zuwa Josquin Despres). Laburaren Bodleian da ke Oxford ya ƙunshi rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce na wasan kwaikwayo na Italiyanci 52 na Dufay, waɗanda J. Steiner ya buga chanson murya 19 3-4 a cikin Sat. Dufay da mutanen zamaninsa (1899).
Dufay kuma an san shi a matsayin mai gyara rubutun kide-kide (an lasafta shi da gabatar da bayanin kula tare da fararen kawunan maimakon bayanan baƙar fata da aka yi amfani da su a baya). Ayyuka daban-daban na Dufay G. Besseler ya buga a cikin ayyukansa na kiɗa na zamani, kuma an haɗa su a cikin jerin "Denkmaler der Tonkunst a Österreich" (VII, XI, XIX, XXVII, XXXI).
