Clavichord - farkon piano

CLAVICHORD (marigayi clavichordium na Latin, daga clavis na Latin - maɓalli da kuma Girkanci χορδή - kirtani) - ƙaramin maɓalli mai zaren kide-kide - yana ɗaya daga cikin na gaba na piano.

A waje, clavichord yana kama da piano. Abubuwan da ke tattare da shi ma harka ne mai maballin madannai da tashoshi hudu. Duk da haka, wannan shine inda kamanni ya ƙare. An fitar da sautin clavichord godiya ga injiniyoyin tangent. Menene irin wannan tsarin? A ƙarshen maɓalli, clavichord yana da fil ɗin ƙarfe tare da kai mai lebur - tangent (daga tangens na Latin - taɓawa, taɓawa), wanda, lokacin da aka danna maɓallin, yana taɓa kirtani kuma ya kasance yana danna shi, yana rarraba kirtani. zuwa kashi 2:

1. rawar jiki da kuma yin sauti;
2. an rufe shi da laushi mai laushi.

Dangane da inda tangent ɗin ya taɓa, zaren iri ɗaya zai iya haifar da sauti na filaye daban-daban.

Clavichords sun kasance iri biyu:

• waɗanda suka yi amfani da kirtani iri ɗaya don sautuna daban-daban - abin da ake kira clavichords da aka haɗa - tangents na maɓalli 2-3 sunyi aiki akan layi ɗaya (alal misali, a cikin clavichords tare da maɓallai 46, adadin kirtani shine 22-26);
• wadanda a cikin su kowane sautin (maɓalli) yana da nasa kirtani - "kyauta" clavichords - a cikinsu kowane maɓalli ya dace da igiya ta musamman.

(A/B) makullin; (1A/1B) PTTs (karfe); (2A/2B) makullin; (3) kirtani (mafi daidai, sashin sautinsa lokacin da aka buga tangent); (4) allon sauti; (5) tuning fil; (6) zafi

Wani lokaci ƙananan octave na clavichord an gajarta - wani ɓangare na diatonic. Dumi-dumi da bayyanawa, taushi da jin daɗin sautin kayan aikin an ƙaddara su ta hanya ta musamman ta samar da sauti - mai hankali, kamar dai taɓa taɓa maɓallin. Dan girgiza maɓallin da aka danna (wanda aka haɗa da kirtani), yana yiwuwa a ba da sautin rawar jiki. Wannan dabara ta zama siffa ta hanyar yin wasan clavichord, wanda ba zai yiwu ba akan sauran kayan aikin madannai.

Tarihi da siffa

Clavichord yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin kayan aikin madannai kuma an samo shi daga tsohuwar monochord. An fara ambaton sunan "clavichord" a cikin takardu daga 1396, kuma mafi tsufa kayan aikin da Domenicus Pisaurensis ya ƙirƙira a 1543 kuma yanzu yana cikin Leipzig Museum of Musical Instruments.

Clavichord an rarraba shi a duk ƙasashen Turai. Da farko, yana da siffar akwatin rectangular kuma ya kwanta akan tebur yayin wasan. Daga baya, jikin yana sanye da kafafu. Girman clavichord ya kasance daga ƙananan kayan kida masu siffa (octave) zuwa manya, mai tsayin jiki har zuwa mita 1,5. Yawan octave tun asali biyu ne da rabi, amma daga tsakiyar karni na XNUMX ya karu zuwa hudu, kuma daga baya ya yi daidai da octaves biyar.

Mawaki da clavichord

 Ga clavichord, manyan mawaƙan kamar IS Bach, dansa CFE Bach, VA Mozart da kuma L. van Beethoven sun ƙirƙira ayyukan (ko da yake a lokacin na ƙarshe, piano ya shigo cikin salon da sauri da sauri - kayan aikin da ke da sauri. Beethoven yana son gaske). Saboda sautin natsuwa, an yi amfani da clavichord musamman a cikin rayuwar gida da kuma a farkon karni na 19. daga karshe pianoforte ya maye gurbinsa.