Camille Saint-Saens |

Camille Saint-Saens

Saint-Saens nasa ne a cikin ƙasarsa zuwa ƙananan wakilai na ra'ayin ci gaba a cikin kiɗa. P. Tchaikovsky

C. Saint-Saens ya shiga tarihi da farko a matsayin mawaki, pianist, malami, madugu. Duk da haka, basirar wannan haƙiƙa mai hazaka ta duniya ba ta gajiya da irin waɗannan fuskoki. Har ila yau, Saint-Saens ya kasance marubucin litattafai kan falsafa, adabi, zane-zane, wasan kwaikwayo, shirya wakoki da wasan kwaikwayo, ya rubuta kasidu masu mahimmanci kuma ya zana caricatures. An zabe shi mamba a kungiyar Falaki ta Faransa, saboda iliminsa na kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin taurari, ilmin kimiya na tarihi da tarihi bai yi kasa da na sauran masana kimiyya ba. A cikin kasidun nasa na katsalandan, mawaƙin ya yi magana game da ƙayyadaddun buƙatun ƙirƙira, akidar akida, kuma ya ba da shawarar yin nazari mai zurfi game da ɗanɗanon fasaha na jama'a. “Dandalin jama’a,” mawaƙin ya jaddada, “ko mai kyau ko mai sauƙi, ba kome ba, jagora ne mai daraja marar iyaka ga mai zane. Ko shi mai hazaka ne ko mai hazaka, bin wannan dandano, zai iya samar da ayyuka masu kyau.

An haifi Camille Saint-Saens a cikin dangin da ke da alaƙa da fasaha (mahaifinsa ya rubuta waƙa, mahaifiyarsa mai fasaha ce). Halayen kida mai haske na mawaki ya bayyana kansa a cikin irin wannan ƙuruciyar ƙuruciya, wanda ya sanya shi ɗaukaka na "Mozart na biyu". Tun yana da shekaru uku, mawaƙin nan gaba ya riga ya koyi yin piano, yana ɗan shekara 5 ya fara tsara kiɗan, kuma daga goma ya yi wasan pianist. A 1848, Saint-Saens shiga Paris Conservatory, daga abin da ya sauke karatu 3 shekaru daga baya, na farko a cikin sashin jiki, sa'an nan a cikin abun da ke ciki class. A lokacin da ya sauke karatu daga Conservatory, Saint-Saens ya riga ya zama balagagge mawaki, marubucin da yawa kade, ciki har da First Symphony, wanda G. Berlioz da C. Gounod suka yaba sosai. Daga 1853 zuwa 1877 Saint-Saens ya yi aiki a manyan cathedrals a Paris. Sana'ar gyaran gabobinsa cikin sauri ya sami karɓuwa a duniya a Turai.

Mutumin da ba ya gajiyawa, Saint-Saens, duk da haka, bai iyakance ga kunna gabo da tsara kiɗa ba. Yana aiki a matsayin mai wasan pianist da jagora, yana gyarawa da buga ayyukan tsofaffin masters, ya rubuta ayyukan ka'idoji, kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu kafa da malamai na Ƙungiyar Kiɗa ta Kasa. A cikin 70s. abubuwan da aka tsara suna bayyana daya bayan daya, cikin sha'awar haduwa da mutanen zamani. Daga cikin su akwai waqoqin waqoqin Omphala na kadi da Rawar Mutuwa, wasan operas The Yellow Princess, The Silver Bell da Samson da Delilah – ɗaya daga cikin kololuwar aikin mawaƙin.

Barin aiki a cikin cathedrals, Saint-Saens ya sadaukar da kansa gabaɗaya ga abun da ke ciki. A lokaci guda kuma yana yawan tafiye-tafiye a duniya. An zabi mashahurin mawakin memba na Cibiyar Faransa (1881), likita mai daraja na Jami'ar Cambridge (1893), memba na girmamawa na reshen St. Petersburg na RMS (1909). Fasahar Saint-Saens koyaushe tana samun kyakkyawar maraba a Rasha, wanda mawaƙin ya sha ziyarta. Ya kasance cikin abokantaka da A. Rubinstein da C. Cui, yana da sha'awar kiɗan M. Glinka, P. Tchaikovsky, da mawaƙan Kuchkist. Saint-Saens ne ya kawo Boris Godunov clavier na Mussorgsky daga Rasha zuwa Faransa.

Har zuwa ƙarshen kwanakinsa, Saint-Saens ya yi rayuwa mai cikakken jini: ya tsara, bai san gajiya ba, ya ba da kide-kide da tafiye-tafiye, rubuce a rubuce. Mawakin mai shekaru 85 ya ba da kade-kade na karshe a watan Agustan 1921 jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa. A tsawon aikinsa na kirkire-kirkire, mawaƙin ya yi aiki sosai a fagen samar da kayan aiki, inda ya ba da matsayi na farko ga ayyukan kide-kide na virtuoso. Irin waɗannan ayyuka na Saint-Saëns kamar Gabatarwa da Rondo Capriccioso na Violin da Orchestra, Concerto na Violin na Uku (wanda aka sadaukar da shahararren ɗan wasan violin P. Sarasata), da kuma Concerto na Cello sun zama sananne sosai. Wadannan da sauran ayyukan (Organ Symphony, wakokin kade-kade na shirin, kide-kide na piano 5) sun sanya Saint-Saens a cikin manyan mawakan Faransa. Ya ƙirƙiri wasan kwaikwayo 12, waɗanda suka fi shahara a cikinsu shine Samson da Delilah, waɗanda aka rubuta akan labarin Littafi Mai Tsarki. An fara yin shi a Weimar wanda F. Liszt (1877) ya jagoranta. Kiɗa na opera yana ɗaukar hankali tare da faɗin numfashi mai daɗi, fara'a na halayen kiɗan na hoton tsakiya - Delilah. A cewar N. Rimsky-Korsakov, wannan aikin shine "mafi kyawun tsarin aiki."

Fasahar Saint-Saens tana da hotuna na waƙoƙin haske, tunani, amma, ƙari, kyawawan halaye da yanayin farin ciki. Mai hankali, farkon ma'ana sau da yawa yakan rinjayi motsin rai a cikin kiɗansa. Mawaƙin ya yi amfani da ɗumbin labaran almara da nau'ikan yau da kullun a cikin abubuwan da ya tsara. Waƙar waƙa da ƙararrawa, waƙoƙin wayar hannu, alheri da nau'ikan rubutu iri-iri, tsabtar launi na ƙungiyar makaɗa, haɗakar ka'idodin ka'idodin gargajiya da waƙoƙi-romantic na samuwar - duk waɗannan fasalulluka suna nunawa a cikin mafi kyawun ayyukan Saint-Saens, wanda ya rubuta ɗayan mafi kyawun haske. shafuka a cikin tarihin al'adun kiɗa na duniya.

I. Vetlitsyna

Bayan ya rayu tsawon rai, Saint-Saens ya yi aiki tun yana karami har zuwa karshen kwanakinsa, musamman ma a fagen samar da kayan aiki. Yawaitar sha'awarsa suna da faɗi: fitaccen mawaki, pianist, shugaba, mai sukar siyasa, yana da sha'awar wallafe-wallafe, ilmin taurari, ilmin dabbobi, ilimin halittu, tafiye-tafiye da yawa, kuma yana cikin sadarwar abokantaka tare da manyan mawakan kida da yawa.

Berlioz ya lura da wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Saint-Saens ɗan shekara goma sha bakwai tare da kalmomin: "Wannan saurayi ya san komai, ya rasa abu ɗaya kawai - rashin ƙwarewa." Gounod ya rubuta cewa wasan kwaikwayo ya ɗora wa mawallafinsa wajibi don "zama babban jagora". Ta hanyar abokantaka na kud da kud, Saint-Saens yana da alaƙa da Bizet, Delibes da sauran mawakan Faransa. Shi ne wanda ya fara ƙirƙirar "Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa".

A cikin 70s, Saint-Saens ya zama kusa da Liszt, wanda ya yaba da basirarsa sosai, wanda ya taimaka wajen aiwatar da wasan opera Samson da Delilah a Weimar, kuma har abada ya ci gaba da tunawa da Liszt. Saint-Saens ya ziyarci Rasha akai-akai, yana abokantaka tare da A. Rubinstein, bisa shawarar na karshen ya rubuta shahararren wasan kwaikwayo na Piano na biyu, yana da sha'awar kiɗan Glinka, Tchaikovsky, da Kuchkist. Musamman, ya gabatar da mawakan Faransanci ga Boris Godunov Clavier na Mussorgsky.

Irin wannan rayuwa mai cike da abubuwan gani da saduwa da juna an buga su a yawancin ayyukan Saint-Saens, kuma sun kafa kansu a kan dandalin wasan kwaikwayo na dogon lokaci.

Mai hazaka na musamman, Saint-Saens ya ƙware da dabarar tsara rubutu. Ya mallaki sassauƙar fasaha mai ban mamaki, wanda ya dace da salo daban-daban, da ɗabi'un ƙirƙira, ya ƙunshi hotuna da yawa, jigogi, da makirci. Ya yi yaƙi da gazawar mazhaba na ƙungiyoyin kirkire-kirkire, da kunkuntar fahimtar damar fasahar kiɗan, don haka maƙiyi ne na kowane tsarin fasaha.

Wannan bita tana gudana kamar zaren ja a cikin duk mahimman labarai na Saint-Saens, waɗanda ke ba da mamaki da ɗimbin ɗabi'a. Marubucin ya yi kama da gangan ya saba wa kansa: “Kowane mutum yana da ’yanci ya canja imaninsa,” in ji shi. Amma wannan wata hanya ce ta kaifin tunani. Saint-Saens ya kyamaci akidar akidar a cikin kowane daga cikin bayyanarsa, ko sha'awa ce ga litattafai ko yabo! gaye art trends. Ya tsaya tsayin daka na kyawawan ra'ayoyi.

Amma a bayan polemic akwai ma'anar rashin jin daɗi. "Sabuwar wayewarmu ta Turai," in ji shi a cikin 1913, "yana ci gaba a cikin alkiblar da ba ta dace ba." Saint-Saëns ya bukaci mawaƙa da su fi sanin buƙatun fasaha na masu sauraron su. “Dandalin jama’a, mai kyau ko mara kyau, ba komai, jagora ne mai daraja ga mai zane. Ko ya kasance mai hazaka ko gwaninta, bin wannan dandano, zai iya ƙirƙirar ayyuka masu kyau. Saint-Saens ya gargadi matasa game da sha'awar ƙarya: “Idan kuna son zama wani abu, ku tsaya Faransanci! Ku kasance da kanku, na zamaninku da ƙasarku…”.

Tambayoyin tabbas na kasa da dimokiradiyyar kida sun kasance masu kaifi kuma akan lokaci ta Saint-Saens. Amma ƙuduri na waɗannan batutuwa duka a cikin ka'idar da kuma a aikace, a cikin kerawa, an nuna shi da wani gagarumin sabani a cikinsa: mai ba da shawara na dandano na fasaha mara kyau, kyakkyawa da jituwa na salon a matsayin tabbacin samun dama ga kiɗa, Saint-Saens, gwagwarmaya don m kamala, wani lokacin ana sakaci tausayi. Shi da kansa ya fada game da wannan a cikin abubuwan tunawa game da Bizet, inda ya rubuta ba tare da haushi ba: "Mun bi manufofi daban-daban - yana neman da farko don sha'awa da rayuwa, kuma ina bin chimera na tsabta na salo da kamala na siffa. ”

Neman irin wannan “chimera” ya talauta ainihin abin nema na Saint-Saens, kuma sau da yawa a cikin ayyukansa ya zagaya saman abubuwan al'ajabi na rayuwa maimakon bayyana zurfin sabaninsu. Duk da haka, da lafiya hali ga rayuwa, muhimmi a cikinsa, duk da shakku, bil'adama duniya view, tare da m fasaha fasaha, ban mamaki ma'anar style da siffa, taimaka Saint-Saens haifar da dama gagarumin ayyuka.

M. Druskin

Abubuwan da aka tsara:

Opera (jimla 11) Ban da Samson da Delilah, ana ba da ranakun farko ne kawai a cikin baka. The Yellow Princess, libretto ta Galle (1872) The Silver Bell, libretto ta Barbier da Carré (1877) Samson da Delilah, libretto ta Lemaire (1866-1877) "Étienne Marcel", libretto ta Galle (1879) "Henry VIII", libretto ta Detroit and Sylvester (1883) Proserpina, libretto ta Galle (1887) Ascanio, libretto ta Galle (1890) Phryne, libretto ta Augue de Lassus (1893) “Barbarian”, libretto ta Sardu i Gezi (1901) “Elena” (1904) 1906) "Kakan" (XNUMX)

Sauran kayan kida da na wasan kwaikwayo Javotte, ballet (1896) Kiɗa don shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo da yawa (ciki har da Sophocles' bala'i Antigone, 1893)

Symphonic yana aiki Ana ba da kwanakin abun da ke ciki a cikin baka, wanda sau da yawa ba sa yin daidai da kwanakin buga ayyukan da aka ambata (alal misali, an buga Concerto na Violin na Biyu a 1879 - shekaru ashirin da ɗaya bayan an rubuta shi). Haka abin yake a cikin sashin kayan aiki na ɗakin. Na farko Symphony Es-dur op. 2 (1852) Symphony ta biyu a-moll op. 55 (1859) Symphony na uku ("Symphony with Organ") c-moll op. 78 (1886) "Tsarin kaɗe-kaɗe na Omphal", waƙar waƙa ta op. 31 (1871) "Phaeton", waka mai ma'ana ko. 39 (1873) "Rawar Mutuwa", waƙar waƙa ta op. 40 (1874) "Matasa na Hercules", waƙar waƙa ta op. 50 (1877) "Carnival of Animals", Babban Fantasy Zoological (1886)

Kide kide da wake-wake Concerto na farko na Piano a cikin D-dur op. 17 (1862) Na biyu Piano Concerto a g-moll op. 22 (1868) Na Uku Piano Concerto Es-dur op. 29 (1869) Na Hudu Piano Concerto c-moll op. 44 (1875) "Afirka", fantasy don piano da ƙungiyar makaɗa, op. 89 (1891) Concerto na Piano na biyar a cikin F-dur op. 103 (1896) Concerto Violin na Farko A-dur op. 20 (1859) Gabatarwa da rondo-capriccioso don violin da orchestra op. 28 (1863) Na biyu Violin Concerto C-dur op. 58 (1858) Concerto violin na uku a cikin h-moll op. 61 (1880) Kayan kide kide don violin da makada, op. 62 (1880) Cello Concerto a-moll op. 33 (1872) Allegro appassionato don cello da ƙungiyar makaɗa, op. 43 (1875)

Kayan aiki na Chamber Piano quintet a-moll op. 14 (1855) Piano na farko a cikin F-dur op. 18 (1863) Cello Sonata c-moll op. 32 (1872) Piano quartet B-dur op. 41 (1875) Septet don ƙaho, piano, violin 2, viola, cello da sau biyu bass op. 65 (1881) Sonata na farko a cikin d-moll, op. 75 (1885) Capriccio akan Jigogin Danish da na Rasha don sarewa, oboe, clarinet da piano op. 79 (1887) Piano na biyu a cikin e-moll op. 92 (1892) Violin na biyu Sonata Es-dur op. 102 (1896)

Vocal yana aiki Game da 100 romances, vocal duets, da dama na mawaƙa, da yawa ayyuka na tsarki music (daga cikinsu: Mass, Kirsimeti Oratorio, Requiem, 20 motets da sauransu), oratorios da cantatas ("Bikin aure na Prometheus", "The Tufana", "Layi da garaya" da sauransu).

Rubutun adabi Tarin labarai: "Harmony da Melody" (1885), "Portraits and Memoirs" (1900), "Tricks" (1913) da sauransu.