Georgy Vasilyevich Sviridov |

Georgy Sviridov

… A cikin lokuttan tashin hankali, musamman dabi’un fasaha masu jituwa sun taso, wanda ke tattare da buri mafi girma na mutum, burin samun jituwa ta cikin mutuntakar mutum sabanin hargitsin duniya…. bala'in rayuwa, amma a lokaci guda ana shawo kan wannan bala'in. Sha'awar jituwa ta ciki, wayewar babban kaddarar mutum - shine abin da a yanzu ya fi kama ni a Pushkin. G. Sviridov

Kusancin ruhi tsakanin mawaƙi da mawaƙi ba na haɗari ba ne. Har ila yau, fasahar Sviridov ta bambanta ta hanyar jituwa na ciki da ba kasafai ba, mai sha'awar son nagarta da gaskiya, kuma a lokaci guda ma'anar bala'i da ke fitowa daga zurfin fahimtar girma da wasan kwaikwayo na zamanin da ake rayuwa. Mawaƙi kuma mawaƙin babban gwaninta na asali, yana jin kansa da farko ɗan ƙasarsa, an haife shi kuma ya girma a ƙarƙashinta. A cikin ainihin rayuwar Sviridov akwai haɗin kai tsaye tare da asalin jama'a da kuma tsayin al'adun Rasha.

A dalibi D. Shostakovich, ilimi a Leningrad Conservatory (1936-41), wani gagarumin connoisseur na shayari da kuma zanen, da kansa mallakan wani fice poetic kyauta, an haife shi a cikin wani karamin gari na Fatezh, Kursk lardin, a cikin iyali. ma'aikacin gidan waya kuma malami. Dukansu uba da mahaifiyar Sviridov sun kasance 'yan asalin gida, sun fito ne daga manoma kusa da kauyukan Fatezh. Sadarwa kai tsaye tare da yanayin karkara, kamar waƙar yaron a cikin mawakan coci, na halitta ne kuma na halitta. Waɗannan ginshiƙan guda biyu ne na al'adun kiɗa na Rasha - rubuce-rubucen jama'a da fasaha na ruhaniya - waɗanda suka rayu a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar kiɗan ɗan yaro tun daga ƙuruciya, ya zama babban jigon maigidan a cikin lokacin balagagge na kerawa.

Tunanin yara na farko suna da alaƙa da hotuna na yanayin Kudancin Rasha - filayen ruwa, filayen da 'yan sanda. Kuma a sa'an nan - bala'i na yakin basasa, 1919, lokacin da Denikin sojojin da suka fashe a cikin birnin suka kashe matashin kwaminisanci Vasily Sviridov. Ba daidaituwa ba ne cewa mawaƙin ya sake komawa cikin waƙoƙin ƙasar Rasha (zagayowar murya "Ina da Uban Ƙauye" - 1957; Cantatas "Kursk Songs", "Wooden Russia" - 1964, "Man Baptist" - 1985; waƙoƙin mawaƙa), da kuma munanan tashe-tashen hankula na shekarun juyin juya hali ("1919" - sashi na 7 na "waƙar ƙwaƙwalwar Yesenin", waƙoƙin solo "Ɗan ya sadu da mahaifinsa", "Mutuwar commissar").

Ainihin kwanan wata na Sviridov ta art za a iya nuna quite daidai: daga lokacin rani zuwa Disamba 1935, a cikin kasa da shekaru 20, a nan gaba master of Soviet music ya rubuta a yanzu sanannun sake zagayowar romances dangane da Pushkin ta waqoqi ( ​​"Kusa da Izhora", "Harkokin hunturu", "The Forest Drops ...", "Zuwa Nanny", da dai sauransu) wani aiki ne mai tsayin daka a cikin litattafan kida na Soviet, yana buɗe jerin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Sviridov. Gaskiya ne, akwai sauran shekaru na karatu, yaƙi, ƙaura, haɓaka ƙirƙira, ƙware na ma'aunin fasaha a gaba. Cikakkun balagagge da 'yancin kai ya zo a kan kusan shekarun 40s da 50s, lokacin da aka sami nau'in nasa nau'in waƙar cyclic da kuma babban jigon sa na almara (mawaƙiya da ƙasar mahaifa). Ɗan fari na wannan nau'in ("Ƙasa na Ubanni" a kan st. A. Isahakyan - 1950) ya biyo bayan Waƙoƙi zuwa ayoyin Robert Burns (1955), oratorio "The Poem in Memory of Yesenin" (1956). ) da "Pathetic" (a kan st. V. Mayakovsky - 1959).

A. Blok ya rubuta a jajibirin juyin juya halin Musulunci: “… Yawancin marubutan Rasha sun so su yi tunanin Rasha a matsayin yanayin shiru da barci, amma wannan mafarkin ya ƙare; An maye gurbin shirun da wani gungu mai nisa… “Kuma, ana kiran a saurari “mummunan rumble na juyin juya hali”, mawaƙin ya ce “wannan rumble, ko ta yaya, koyaushe game da babba ne.” Tare da irin wannan maɓalli na "Blokian" Sviridov ya tuntuɓi jigon babban juyin juya halin Oktoba, amma ya ɗauki rubutun daga wani mawaƙi: mawaki ya zaɓi hanyar mafi girman juriya, ya juya zuwa waƙar Mayakovsky. Af, wannan shi ne karo na farko na waqoqin waqoqinsa a tarihin waqa. An tabbatar da wannan, alal misali, ta hanyar waƙar waƙar “Mu je, mawaƙi, bari mu duba, raira waƙa” a ƙarshen “Pathetic Oratorio”, inda ainihin tsarin sifa na shahararrun waƙoƙin ya canza, da kuma faɗin, farin ciki. "Na san birnin zai kasance". Lalle ne m melodic, ko da hymnal damar da aka bayyana ta Sviridov a Mayakovsky. Kuma "rumble na juyin juya hali" yana cikin gagarumin tafiya mai ban mamaki na kashi na farko ("Ku juya kan tafiya!"), A cikin "cosmic" ikon yinsa na ƙarshe ("Shine kuma babu kusoshi!") ...

Sai kawai a farkon shekarun karatunsa da haɓaka haɓaka Sviridov ya rubuta kiɗan kayan aiki da yawa. A ƙarshen 30s - farkon 40s. sun hada da Symphony; wasan kwaikwayo na piano; ƙungiyoyin ɗaki (Quintet, Trio); 2 sonatas, 2 partitas, Kundin yara na piano. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan kasidu a cikin sababbin bugu na marubuci sun sami shahara kuma sun ɗauki matsayinsu a fagen wasan kwaikwayo.

Amma babban abu a cikin aikin Sviridov shine kiɗan murya (waƙoƙi, romances, cycles vocal, cantatas, oratorios, choral ayyukan). Anan, an haɗa ma'anarsa mai ban mamaki, zurfin fahimtar waƙa da basirar waƙa da farin ciki. Ya ba kawai "raka" layin Mayakovsky (ban da oratorio - m buga "Labarin Bagels da Matar da Ba Ya Gane Jamhuriyar") B. Pasternak (cantata "Yana dusar ƙanƙara"). , N. Gogol's prose ( mawaƙa "On Lost Youth"), amma kuma ta hanyar kida da salo da sabunta waƙar zamani. Baya ga marubutan da aka ambata, ya kafa waƙa da yawa Lines ta V. Shakespeare, P. Beranger, N. Nekrasov, F. Tyutchev, B. Kornilov, A. Prokofiev, A. Tvardovsky, F. Sologub, V. Khlebnikov da kuma wasu - daga mawaƙa - Decembrists zuwa K. Kuliev.

A cikin kiɗa na Sviridov, ikon ruhaniya da zurfin ilimin falsafa na shayari an bayyana su a cikin waƙoƙin sokin, tsabtar crystal, a cikin wadataccen launuka na orchestral, a cikin tsarin modal na asali. Farawa da "The Poem in Memory of Sergei Yesenin", mawaƙin yana amfani da waƙarsa a cikin abubuwan da suka dace na tsohuwar waƙar Orthodox Znamenny. Dogaro da duniyar tsohuwar fasahar ruhaniya na mutanen Rasha za a iya gano su a cikin irin waɗannan waƙoƙin waƙoƙi kamar "Ruhu yana baƙin ciki game da sama", a cikin kide-kide na mawaƙa "A cikin ƙwaƙwalwar AA Yurlov" da "Wreath Pushkin", a cikin ban mamaki. Choral canvases da aka haɗa a cikin kiɗa don wasan kwaikwayo A K. Tolstoy "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich" ("Addu'a", "Ƙauna Mai Tsarki", "Ayar Penitence"). Kiɗa na waɗannan ayyukan yana da tsafta da ɗaukaka, yana ɗauke da ma'anar ɗabi'a mai girma. Akwai wani labari a cikin shirin fim din "Georgy Sviridov" lokacin da mawaki ya tsaya a gaban wani zane a gidan kayan gargajiya na Blok Apartment (Leningrad), wanda mawaƙin da kansa bai taɓa rabuwa da shi ba. Wannan shi ne haifuwa daga zanen Salome tare da Shugaban Yohanna Mai Baftisma (farkon ƙarni na 1963) na ɗan wasan Holanda K. Massis, inda hotunan azzalumi Hirudus da annabin da suka mutu domin gaskiya suka bambanta sarai. “Annabi alama ce ta mawaƙi, makomarsa!” Sviridov ya ce. Wannan daidaici ba na haɗari ba ne. Blok yana da hasashe mai ban sha'awa game da zafin, iska da kuma makoma mai ban tausayi na karni na 40 mai zuwa. Kuma ga kalmomin annabcin Blok mai ban tsoro, Sviridov ya halicci ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukansa "Voice from the Choir" (1963). Blok akai-akai wahayi zuwa ga mawaki, wanda ya rubuta game da 1962 songs bisa ga wakoki: wadannan su ne solo miniatures, da kuma jam'iyyar sake zagayowar "Petersburg Songs" (1967), da kuma kananan cantatas "Bakin ciki Songs" (1979), "Biyar Songs game da Rasha" (1980), da waƙoƙin wakoki na cyclic Night Clouds (XNUMX), Waƙoƙin Marasa Lokaci (XNUMX).

... Wasu mawaƙa guda biyu, waɗanda kuma suka mallaki siffofi na annabci, sun mamaye wurin tsakiyar aikin Sviridov. Wannan shi ne Pushkin da Yesenin. Zuwa ga ayoyin Pushkin, wanda ya ba da kansa da kuma dukan wallafe-wallafen Rasha na gaba ga muryar gaskiya da lamiri, wanda ba tare da son kai ba ya bauta wa mutane tare da fasaharsa, Sviridov, ban da waƙoƙin mutum da matasa, ya rubuta mawaƙa 10 masu ban sha'awa na "Wreath Pushkin". "(1979), inda ta hanyar jituwa da farin ciki na rayuwa karya mai tsanani tunani na mawãƙi shi kadai da dawwama ("Sun doke alfijir"). Yesenin shine mafi kusanci kuma, a kowane fanni, babban mawaƙin Sviridov (kimanin 50 solo da waƙoƙin choral). Abin ban mamaki, mawaƙin ya fahimci waƙarsa kawai a cikin 1956. Layin "Ni ne mawaƙi na ƙarshe na ƙauyen" ya gigice kuma nan da nan ya zama kiɗa, tsiro daga abin da "Poem in Memory of Sergei Yesenin" ya girma - wani aiki mai mahimmanci. ga Sviridov, don kiɗa na Soviet da kuma gaba ɗaya, don al'ummarmu don fahimtar yawancin al'amuran rayuwar Rasha a cikin waɗannan shekarun. Yesenin, kamar sauran manyan "marubuta" na Sviridov, yana da kyautar annabci - a cikin tsakiyar 20s. ya yi annabci mugun makoma na karkarar Rasha. "Baƙon baƙin ƙarfe", yana zuwa "a kan hanyar filin shuɗi", ba motar da Yesenin ya yi zargin ya ji tsoro ba (kamar yadda aka yi imani da shi), wannan hoton apocalyptic ne, mai ban mamaki. Tunanin mawaƙin ya ji kuma ya bayyana a cikin waƙa ta mawaki. Daga cikin ayyukansa na Yesenin akwai mawaƙa, masu sihiri a cikin wadatar waƙoƙin su ("Ruhu yana baƙin ciki ga sama", "A cikin maraice maraice", "Tabun"), cantatas, waƙoƙin nau'ikan nau'ikan iri har zuwa waƙar waƙar murya "Ta tafi". Rasha" (1977).

Sviridov, tare da hangen nesa na halayensa, a baya da zurfi fiye da sauran adadi na al'adun Soviet, ya ji bukatar kiyaye harshen poetic da kida na Rasha, kayan tarihi masu daraja na tsohuwar fasaha da aka kirkiro fiye da ƙarni, saboda duk waɗannan dukiyar ƙasa a cikin shekarunmu na duka. karya ginshiki da al'adu, a zamanin da ake fama da cin zarafi, da gaske akwai hatsarin halaka. Kuma idan wallafe-wallafenmu na zamani, musamman ta bakin V. Astafiev, V. Belov, V. Rasputin, N. Rubtsov, ya yi kira da babbar murya don ya ceci abin da har yanzu zai iya samun ceto, Sviridov ya yi magana game da wannan baya a tsakiyar- 50s.

Wani muhimmin fasalin fasahar Sviridov shine "super-tarihi". Yana da game da Rasha gaba ɗaya, yana rufe abubuwan da suka gabata, yanzu da kuma gaba. Mawaƙin koyaushe ya san yadda za a jaddada mafi mahimmanci da rashin mutuwa. Aikin mawaƙa na Sviridov ya dogara ne akan irin waɗannan maɓuɓɓuka kamar waƙoƙin Orthodox na ruhaniya da kuma tarihin Rasha, ya haɗa da a cikin kewayar sararin samaniya da harshen innation na waƙar juyin juya hali, Maris, jawabai - wato, kayan sauti na karni na XX na Rasha. , kuma a kan wannan tushe wani sabon al'amari kamar ƙarfi da kyau, iko na ruhaniya da shiga, wanda ke ɗaga fasahar choral na zamaninmu zuwa sabon matsayi. Akwai babbar rana ta wasan opera na gargajiya na Rasha, an sami haɓakar wasan kwaikwayo na Soviet. A yau, sabon fasahar choral na Soviet, masu jituwa da daraja, wanda ba shi da kwatankwacin ko dai a baya ko a cikin kiɗa na waje na zamani, wani muhimmin bayani ne na dukiya na ruhaniya da ƙarfin mutanenmu. Kuma wannan shi ne m feat Sviridov. Abin da ya samo ya samu nasara sosai daga sauran mawakan Soviet: V. Gavrilin, V. Tormis, V. Rubin, Yu. Butsko, K. Volkov. A. Nikolaev, A. Kholminov da sauransu.

Kiɗan Sviridov ya zama sanannen fasahar fasahar Soviet na ƙarni na XNUMX. godiya ga zurfinsa, jituwa, kusanci tare da al'adun gargajiya na al'adun kiɗa na Rasha.

L. Polyakova