Alexander Lvovich Gurilyov |

Alexander Gurilyov

A. Gurilev ya shiga cikin tarihin kiɗan Rasha a matsayin marubucin soyayya mai ban sha'awa. Ya kasance ɗan shahararren mawaki L. Gurilev, mawaƙin serf Count V. Orlov. Mahaifina ya jagoranci ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta serf a cikin Otrada Estate kusa da Moscow, kuma ya koyar a makarantun mata a Moscow. Ya bar gadon kida mai ƙarfi: abubuwan ƙira don pianoforte, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a fasahar piano na Rasha, da ƙagaggun kida na mawaƙa na cappella.

Alexander Lvovich aka haife shi a Moscow. Tun yana dan shekara shida ya fara karatun waka a karkashin jagorancin mahaifinsa. Sa'an nan kuma ya yi karatu tare da mafi kyawun malamai na Moscow - J. Field da I. Genishta, wanda ya koyar da ka'idar piano da kiɗa a cikin iyalin Orlov. Tun yana matashi Gurilev ya buga violin da viola a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙan ƙididdiga, kuma daga baya ya zama memba na ƙungiyar kwarya ta shahararren mai son kiɗan, Prince N. Golitsyn. Yarancin da matasa na mawaƙa na gaba sun wuce a cikin mawuyacin yanayi na rayuwa na manor serf. A 1831, bayan mutuwar kidayar, gidan Gurilev ya sami 'yanci kuma, bayan da aka sanya shi a cikin masu sana'a-ƙananan-bourgeois, ya zauna a Moscow.

Tun daga wannan lokacin, A. Gurilev ya fara aikin rubutawa mai zurfi, wanda aka haɗa tare da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin kide-kide da kuma babban aikin ilmantarwa. Ba da da ewa ba, abubuwan da ya rubuta - na farko na murya - sun zama sananne a cikin mafi girman sassan jama'ar birane. Yawancin soyayyarsa a zahiri "tafi ga mutane", wanda ba kawai masu son son rai ba ne kawai, har ma da mawakan gypsy. Gurilev yana samun suna a matsayin fitaccen malamin piano. Duk da haka, shaharar da aka yi ba ta ceci marubucin daga mummunan bukatu da ta danne shi a tsawon rayuwarsa ba. Don neman samun kuɗi, an tilasta masa shiga har ma da karatun kiɗa. Matsalolin rayuwa sun karye mawaƙin kuma sun kai shi ga rashin lafiya mai tsanani.

Gurbin Gurilev a matsayin mawaƙi ya ƙunshi ɗimbin soyayya, shirye-shiryen waƙoƙin gargajiya na Rasha da guntun piano. A lokaci guda, ƙayyadaddun murya sune babban fagen kerawa. Ba a san ainihin adadin su ba, amma an buga wakoki 90 ne kawai da kuma daidaitawa guda 47, wanda ya kunshi tarin “Wakokin Jama’a” da aka buga a shekara ta 1849. Mawaƙin da ya fi so a muryoyin su ne na soyayya mai kyan gani sannan kuma shahararriyar soyayya a cikin salon salon. "Rasha song". Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin su yana da matukar sharadi, tun da wakokin Gurilev, ko da yake suna da alaƙa da al'adar jama'a, suna da kusanci sosai ga soyayyarsa dangane da yanayin yanayi da tsarin su na kiɗa. Kuma waƙar ainihin waƙar soyayya tana cike da waƙar Rasha zalla. Dukansu nau'o'in biyu sun mamaye motifs na ƙauna mara kyau ko rasa, sha'awar kadaici, ƙoƙari don farin ciki, tunani mai ban tausayi akan kuri'a na mace.

Tare da waƙar jama'a, wanda ya yadu a cikin yanayi daban-daban na birane, aikinsa na ban mamaki na zamani da abokinsa, mawaki A. Varlamov, yana da tasiri mai yawa akan samuwar salon muryar Gurilev. Sunayen waɗannan mawaƙa sun daɗe suna da alaƙa da juna a cikin tarihin kiɗan Rasha a matsayin waɗanda suka kirkiro soyayya ta yau da kullun ta Rasha. Haka kuma, rubuce-rubucen Gurilev suna da nasu fasali na musamman. An bambanta su da fifikon iyawa, tunani bakin ciki, da zurfin kusancin furcin. Halin bakin ciki mara bege, matsananciyar sha'awar farin ciki, wanda ya bambanta aikin Gurilev, ya dace da yanayin mutane da yawa na 30s da 40s. karnin da ya gabata. Daya daga cikin mafi hazaka exponents shi ne Lermontov. Kuma ba daidai ba ne cewa Gurilev ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin na farko kuma mafi mahimmancin fassarar waƙarsa. Har wa yau, Lermontov's romances Gurilev "Dukansu m da kuma bakin ciki", "Justification" ( "Lokacin da akwai kawai tunanin"), "A cikin wani mawuyacin lokaci na rayuwa" ba su rasa su m muhimmancin. Yana da mahimmanci cewa waɗannan ayyukan sun bambanta da wasu a cikin salon tashin hankali mai ban tausayi, da dabarar baje-kolin piano da kusanci nau'in ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan kalmomi, ta fuskoki da yawa suna sake maimaita binciken A. Dargomyzhsky.

Dramatized karatu na lyrical-elegiac waqoqi ne sosai halayyar Gurilev, marubucin har yanzu ƙaunataccen romances "Rabuwa", "Ring" (a kan tashar A. Koltsov), "Ya matalauta yarinya" (a kan tashar I. Aksakov), "Na yi magana. a rabuwa ”(a kan labarin A. Fet), da dai sauransu Gabaɗaya, salon muryarsa ya fi kusa da abin da ake kira "Rasha bel canto", wanda tushen bayyanawa shine waƙar m, wanda shine haɗuwa da kwayoyin halitta. na rubutun waƙa na Rasha da cantilena na Italiyanci.

Wani babban wuri a cikin aikin Gurilev kuma yana cike da dabarun bayyananniyar salon wasan kwaikwayo na mawakan gypsy waɗanda suka shahara sosai a lokacin. Ana bayyana su musamman a cikin waƙoƙin “jajirtacciya, jarumai” a cikin ruhin raye-raye, irin su “Waƙar Koci” da “Zan Yi baƙin ciki”. Yawancin labaran soyayya na Gurilev an rubuta su a cikin rhythm na waltz, wanda ya yadu a cikin rayuwar birni na lokacin. A lokaci guda kuma, motsin waltz mai sassauƙa mai sassauƙa guda uku yana dacewa da mita na Rasha zalla, abin da ake kira. haruffa biyar, sosai na hali don waqoqi a cikin nau'in "waƙar Rasha". Irin wannan su ne romances "Bakin ciki na yarinya", "Kada ku yi surutu, hatsin rai", "Tiny House", "Blui-fuka-fuki yana karkata", sanannen "Bell" da sauransu.

Aikin piano na Gurilev ya haɗa da raye-raye na raye-raye da nau'ikan zagaye daban-daban. Tsoffin guda ne masu sauƙi don yin kiɗan mai son a cikin nau'in waltz, mazurka, polka da sauran shahararrun raye-raye. Bambance-bambancen Gurilev wani muhimmin mataki ne a cikin ci gaban pianism na Rasha. Daga cikin su, tare da guntu kan jigogi na waƙoƙin gargajiya na Rasha na yanayi mai koyarwa da koyarwa, akwai bambance-bambancen kide-kide masu ban sha'awa game da jigogi na mawaƙan Rasha - A. Alyabyev, A. Varlamov da M. Glinka. Wadannan ayyukan, wanda bambance-bambance a kan jigo na tercet daga opera "Ivan Susanin" ("Kada ku damu, masoyi") da kuma a kan jigo na soyayya Varlamov "Kada ku tashe ta a Dawn", musamman shahararsa. gabatowa nau'in soyayya na virtuoso-concert kwafin. An bambanta su da babban al'ada na pianism, wanda ya ba masu bincike na zamani damar yin la'akari da Gurilev "fitaccen masanin fasaha, wanda ya yi nasarar wuce basira da hangen nesa na makarantar filin da ya reno shi."

Siffofin halayen salon murya na Gurilev daga baya sun rabu da su ta hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin aikin marubutan Rasha na yau da kullum - P. Bulakhov, A. Dubuc da sauransu. aiwatarwa mai ladabi a cikin ɗakin fasaha na fitattun mawaƙa na Rasha kuma, da farko, P. Tchaikovsky.

T. Korzhenyant