Bassoon: abin da yake, sauti, iri, tsarin, tarihi

Ba a kafa ainihin ranar haihuwar bassoon ba, amma wannan kayan kida tabbas ya fito ne daga tsakiyar zamanai. Duk da tsohuwar asalinsa, har yanzu yana da mashahuri a yau, yana da mahimmancin kayan wasan kwaikwayo da na tagulla.

Menene bassoon

Bassoon na cikin rukuni na kayan aikin iska. Sunansa Italiyanci, wanda aka fassara a matsayin "dam", "ƙulli", "gunkin itace". A waje, yana kama da ɗan ɗan lanƙwasa, bututu mai tsayi, sanye take da tsarin bawul mai rikitarwa, rake biyu.

Timbre na bassoon ana ɗaukarsa mai bayyanawa ne, an wadatar da shi tare da overtones a ko'ina cikin kewayo. Mafi sau da yawa, ana amfani da rajistar 2 - ƙananan, tsakiya (babban ba shi da ƙarancin buƙata: bayanin kula sautin tilastawa, tashin hankali, hanci).

Tsawon bassoon na yau da kullun shine mita 2,5, nauyi shine kusan 3 kg. Kayan da aka yi shi ne itace, kuma ba kowane ba, amma maple na musamman.

Tsarin bassoon

Zane ya ƙunshi manyan sassa guda 4:

• ƙananan gwiwa, wanda kuma ake kira "boot", "trunk";
• ƙananan gwiwa;
• babban gwiwa;
• raguwa.

Tsarin yana iya rugujewa. Muhimmin sashi shine gilashin ko "es" - bututun ƙarfe mai lanƙwasa wanda ke fitowa daga ƙaramin gwiwa, yayi kama da S a cikin shaci. Ana ɗora sandar raƙumi biyu a saman gilashin - wani abu da ke aiki don cire sauti.

An sanye da akwati tare da babban adadin ramuka (25-30 guda): ta hanyar buɗewa da rufe su, mawaƙin yana canza farar. Ba shi yiwuwa a sarrafa duk ramukan: mai yin wasan kwaikwayo yana hulɗa kai tsaye tare da da yawa daga cikinsu, sauran suna motsawa ta hanyar hadaddun tsari.

sauti

Sautin bassoon ya zama na musamman, don haka ba a amince da kayan aikin don sassan solo a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa ba. Amma a cikin matsakaicin matsakaici, lokacin da ya wajaba don jaddada nuances na aikin, ba makawa ba ne.

A cikin ƙananan rajista, sautin yayi kama da guntun murya; idan ka ɗaga sama kaɗan, za ka sami dalili na baƙin ciki, na waƙa; Ana ba da babban bayanin kula ga kayan aiki tare da wahala, suna sauti mara kyau.

Kewayon bassoon shine kusan octaves 3,5. Kowace rajista tana da nau'i na musamman: ƙananan rajista yana da kaifi, mai arziki, sauti na "jan karfe", na tsakiya yana da laushi, m, mai zagaye. Ana amfani da sauti na babban rajistar da wuya sosai: suna samun launin hanci, sautin sauti, da wuya a yi.

Tarihin kayan aiki

Magabatan kai tsaye tsohon kayan aikin iska ne na itace, bombarda. Da yake yana da girma sosai, mai rikitarwa a cikin tsari, ya sa ya yi wuya a yi amfani da shi, an raba shi zuwa sassansa.

Canje-canje yana da tasiri mai amfani ba kawai akan motsi na kayan aiki ba, amma a kan sautinsa: timbre ya zama mai laushi, mai laushi, mai jituwa. An fara kiran sabon ƙirar "dulciano" (wanda aka fassara daga Italiyanci - "mai laushi").

Misalai na farko na bassoons an kawo su tare da bawuloli uku, a cikin karni na XVIII adadin bawuloli ya karu zuwa biyar. Karni na 11 shine lokacin mafi girman shaharar kayan aikin. An sake inganta samfurin: XNUMX bawuloli sun bayyana a jiki. Bassoon ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar makaɗa, shahararrun mawaƙa, mawaƙa sun rubuta ayyukan, wasan kwaikwayon wanda ya haɗa da sa hannu kai tsaye. Daga cikin su akwai A. Vivaldi, W. Mozart, J. Haydn.

Masanan da suka ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci don inganta bassoon su ne masu kula da bandeji ta sana'a K. Almenderer, I. Haeckel. A cikin karni na 17, masu sana'a sun kirkiro samfurin XNUMX-valve, wanda daga baya ya zama tushen samar da masana'antu.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: asalin itacen maple yana aiki azaman abu, wannan al'ada ba ta canzawa har yau. An yi imani da cewa bassoon da aka yi da maple shine mafi kyawun sauti. Banda shi ne tsarin ilimi na makarantun kiɗa da aka yi da filastik.

A cikin karni na XNUMX, repertoire na kayan aikin ya faɗaɗa: sun fara rubuta sassan solo, kide kide da wake-wake da shi, kuma sun haɗa shi a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa. A yau, ban da masu wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, jazzmen suna amfani da shi sosai.

Bassoon iri-iri

Akwai nau'ikan guda 3, amma nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in kida na zamani ne ake bukata.

1. Quartfagot. Ya bambanta a cikin ƙarar girma. An rubuta masa bayanin kula a matsayin bassoon na yau da kullun, amma an yi ƙarar kwata fiye da yadda aka rubuta.
2. Bassoon (bassoon). Yana da ɗan ƙaramin girma, an yi ƙara na biyar sama da rubutattun bayanan.
3. Contrabassoon. Bambance-bambancen da masu son kiɗan zamani ke amfani da su.

Dabarun wasa

Yin wasa da bassoon ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba: mawaƙin yana amfani da hannaye biyu, duk yatsu - wannan ba a buƙata ta kowane kayan kaɗe-kaɗe. Hakanan zai buƙaci aiki akan numfashi: canjin sikelin sassa, yin amfani da tsalle-tsalle daban-daban, arpeggios, jumlar waƙoƙin matsakaici na numfashi.

Karni na XNUMX ya haɓaka dabarun wasa tare da sabbin dabaru:

• biyu stokatto;
• stockatto sau uku;
• frulatto;
• tremolo;
• sautin na uku, sautin kwata-kwata;
• multiphonics.

Ƙungiyoyin Solo sun bayyana a cikin kiɗa, an rubuta musamman don bassoonists.

Shahararrun Masu Wasa

Shahararriyar counterbassoon ba ta da girma kamar, alal misali, pianoforte. Kuma duk da haka akwai masu bassoon da suka rubuta sunayensu a cikin tarihin waƙa, waɗanda suka zama sanannun ƙwararrun ƙira na kunna wannan kayan aiki mai wahala. Daya daga cikin sunayen na dan kasarmu ne.

1. VS Popov. Farfesa, masanin tarihin fasaha, masanin wasan virtuoso. Ya yi aiki tare da manyan ƙungiyar makaɗa da ƙungiyoyin ɗaki na duniya. Ya haɓaka ƙarni na gaba na bassoonists waɗanda suka sami babban nasara. Shi ne marubucin labaran kimiyya, jagororin wasa kayan aikin iska.
2. K. Tunemann. Bassoonistan Jamus. Na dogon lokaci yana karatun wasan piano, sannan ya zama mai sha'awar bassoon. Shi ne babban bassoonist na Hamburg Symphony Orchestra. A yau yana koyarwa sosai, yana gudanar da ayyukan kide-kide, yana yin solo, yana ba da azuzuwan masters.
3. M. Turkovich Mawakin Austrian. Ya kai kololuwar fasaha, an yarda da shi a cikin Mawakan Symphony Vienna. Ya mallaki samfuran kayan aiki na zamani da na daɗaɗɗen. Yana koyarwa, yawon shakatawa, yin rikodin kide-kide.
4. L. Sharrow. Ba'amurke, babban bassoonist na Chicago, sannan Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestras.

Bassoon kayan aiki ne da jama'a ba su sani ba. Amma wannan ba ya sa ya zama ƙasa da ya cancanci kulawa, maimakon haka, akasin haka: zai zama da amfani ga kowane masanin kiɗa don ƙarin koyo game da shi.