Manuel de Falla |

Falla's Manual

Ina ƙoƙari don fasaha mai ƙarfi kamar mai sauƙi, ba tare da banza da son kai ba. Manufar fasaha ita ce ta haifar da jin daɗi a cikin kowane fanni, kuma ba zai iya ba kuma bai kamata ya sami wata manufa ba. M. de Falla

M. de Falla fitaccen mawakin Sipaniya ne na karni na XNUMX. - a cikin aikinsa ya haɓaka ka'idodin ado na F. Pedrel - jagoran akida kuma mai tsara motsi don farfado da al'adun gargajiya na kasar Spain (Renacimiento). A farkon karni na XIX-XX. Wannan yunkuri ya rungumi bangarori daban-daban na rayuwar kasar. Mawallafa na Renacimiento (marubuta, mawaƙa, masu fasaha) sun nemi su fitar da al'adun Mutanen Espanya daga durkushewa, farfado da asalinsu, da ɗaga kiɗan ƙasa zuwa matakin manyan makarantun mawaƙa na Turai. Falla, kamar mutanen zamaninsa - mawaƙa I. Albeniz da E. Granados, ya nemi ya ƙunshi ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin Renacimiento a cikin aikinsa.

Falla ya sami darussan kiɗa na farko daga mahaifiyarsa. Sa'an nan ya ɗauki darussan piano daga X. Trago, wanda daga baya ya yi karatu a Madrid Conservatory, inda ya kuma karanta jituwa da counterpoint. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 14, Falla ya riga ya fara tsara ayyuka don ƙungiyar kayan aiki, kuma a cikin 1897-1904. ya rubuta guda don piano da 5 zarzuelas. Fallu ya yi tasiri mai amfani a cikin shekarun da aka yi karatu tare da Pedrel (1902-04), wanda ya jagoranci matashin mawaki don nazarin tarihin Mutanen Espanya. A sakamakon haka, na farko gagarumin aiki ya bayyana - opera A Short Life (1905). An rubuta shi akan wani shiri mai ban mamaki daga rayuwar jama'a, yana ƙunshe da hotuna masu faɗi da gaskiya a hankali, zane-zanen shimfidar wuri masu launi. An ba wannan opera lambar yabo ta farko a gasar Kwalejin Fasaha ta Madrid a 1905. A wannan shekarar, Falla ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko a gasar piano a Madrid. Yana ba da kide-kide da yawa, yana ba da darussan piano, yana tsarawa.

Babban mahimmanci don faɗaɗa ra'ayoyin fasaha na Falla da haɓaka ƙwarewarsa shine zamansa a Paris (1907-14) da sadarwa mai ƙirƙira tare da fitattun mawakan Faransa C. Debussy da M. Ravel. A kan shawarar P. Duke a 1912, Falla ya sake yin aikin wasan opera "A Short Life", wanda aka yi a Nice da Paris. A cikin 1914, mawaƙin ya koma Madrid, inda, a kan yunƙurinsa, an ƙirƙiri wata al'umma ta kiɗa don haɓaka tsoffin kiɗan na zamani na mawaƙan Mutanen Espanya. Mummunan abubuwan da suka faru na yakin duniya na farko suna nunawa a cikin "Addu'ar iyaye mata waɗanda ke riƙe da 'ya'yansu a hannunsu" don murya da piano (1914).

A cikin 1910-20. Salon Falla yana ɗaukar kamala. A zahiri yana haɗa nasarorin kiɗan Yammacin Turai tare da al'adun kiɗan Mutanen Espanya na ƙasa. An haɗa wannan da kyau a cikin sake zagayowar murya "Waƙoƙin Mutanen Espanya Bakwai" (1914), a cikin ballet pantomime guda ɗaya tare da raira waƙa "Ƙaunar Mai sihiri" (1915), wanda ke nuna hotunan rayuwar gypsies na Mutanen Espanya. A cikin abubuwan da suka ji daɗi (bisa ga sunan marubucin) “Dare a cikin Lambunan Spain” don piano da ƙungiyar makaɗa (1909-15), Falla ya haɗu da halayen halayen Faransanci tare da tushen Mutanen Espanya. A sakamakon hadin gwiwa tare da S. Diaghilev, ballet "Cocked Hat" ya bayyana, wanda ya zama sananne. Fitattun ƴan wasan al'adu kamar su mawaƙa L. Massine, madugu E. Ansermet, mai zane P. Picasso sun shiga cikin ƙira da wasan kwaikwayo na ballet. Falla ya sami iko a ma'aunin Turai. Bisa buƙatun fitaccen ɗan wasan pian A. Rubinstein, Falla ya rubuta wani ƙwararren ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwaƙƙwaran “Betic Fantasy”, dangane da jigogin mutanen Andalusian. Yana amfani da dabaru na asali da ke fitowa daga wasan guitar Mutanen Espanya.

Tun daga 1921, Falla ya zauna a Granada, inda, tare da F. Garcia Lorca, a cikin 1922 ya shirya bikin Cante Jondo, wanda ke da babbar murya ga jama'a. A Granada, Falla ya rubuta ainihin aikin kiɗa da wasan kwaikwayo Maestro Pedro's Pavilion (dangane da makircin ɗaya daga cikin surori na Don Quixote na M. Cervantes), wanda ya haɗu da abubuwa na opera, pantomime ballet da wasan wasan tsana. Kiɗa na wannan aikin ya ƙunshi fasalulluka na tarihin Castile. A cikin 20s. a cikin aikin Falla, an nuna alamun neoclassicism. Suna bayyane a fili a cikin Concerto don clavicembalo, sarewa, oboe, clarinet, violin da cello (1923-26), wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga fitaccen mawallafin Harpsichordist na Poland W. Landowska. Shekaru da yawa, Falla ya yi aiki a kan babban matakin cantata Atlantis (dangane da waƙar J. Verdaguer y Santalo). Dalibin mawakin E. Alfter ne ya kammala shi kuma ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 1961, kuma a matsayin wasan opera an yi shi a La Scala a 1962. A cikin shekarunsa na ƙarshe, Falla ya zauna a Argentina, inda aka tilasta masa yin hijira daga Faransanci Spain. a shekarar 1939.

Kiɗan Falla a karon farko ya ƙunshi halayen Mutanen Espanya a cikin bayyanarsa ta ƙasa, gabaɗaya daga iyakokin gida. Ayyukansa sun sanya kiɗan Mutanen Espanya daidai da sauran makarantun Yammacin Turai kuma ya sa ta san duniya.

V. Ilyev