Abun halitta
Abun halitta, Feda (Jamus Orgelpunkt, Faransanci pedale inferieure, Italiyanci pedale d'armonia, Turanci pedal point), - sauti mai ɗorewa a cikin bass, wanda wasu muryoyin ke motsawa da yardar kaina, wani lokaci suna shiga cikin sabani na aiki tare da bass (har zuwa tashi). a cikin sautuna masu nisa); jituwa tare da O. p. kuma ana dawo da sauran muryoyin a lokacin da aka gama ko kuma jim kadan kafin hakan. Bayanin O. p. yana hade da jituwa. tashin hankali, wanda aka ƙaddara ta hanyar rashin daidaituwar aiki tsakanin sauti mai dorewa da sauran muryoyin. O.p. wadatar da sautin masu jituwa. a tsaye, yana haifar da multifunctionality.
Mafi yawan amfani da OPs suna kan sautin tonic (I digiri na yanayin) da rinjaye (digiri V). O.p. haɓakawa ne na daidaitaccen aikin modal, haɓakarsa ba zuwa ga ƙida ɗaya ba, amma zuwa ƙaƙƙarfan jituwa. gini. Don haka, yana da ma'ana mai haɗa kai, tare da haɗa abubuwa daban-daban na ci gaban manyan muryoyin. O.p. a kan tonic yana kawo wa kiɗan jin daɗin kwanciyar hankali, wani lokacin har ma a tsaye; yana samun mafi girman aikace-aikacensa a ƙarshe, da kuma sassan farko na kiɗa. yana aiki (alal misali, sashin ƙarshe a wurin mutuwar Boris daga opera "Boris Godunov", farkon mawaƙa na 1st a cikin "Matiyu Passion" na JS Bach). OP akan rinjaye ya haɗu da tallafin bass maras ƙarfi tare da rashin kwanciyar hankali a cikin manyan muryoyin, nesa da tonic, wanda ya juya ya zama ƙarƙashin babban aikin bass. Yana ba wa kiɗan halin sa zuciya mai tsanani. Mafi yawan amfani da shi shine kafin amsawa (musamman a cikin sonata allegro - alal misali, I part of the 8th sonata in c-moll for piano by Beethoven), kuma a gaban coda; samu a gabatarwa.
O.p. yana yiwuwa ba kawai a cikin bass ba, har ma da wasu muryoyin (yawanci ana kiran sauti mai dorewa) - a cikin babba (Faransanci pédale supérieure, Italiyanci pédale, Turanci inverted pedal, misali, III part na 3rd Tchaikovsky quartet) da kuma tsakiyar (Faransa). pédale intérieure ko médiaire, Italiyanci pédale, Turanci na ciki fedal, misali, wasan kwaikwayo "The Gallows" daga piano cycle "Night Gaspard" na Ravel). Misalai na biyu O. p. an san su - a lokaci guda. a kan tonic da rinjaye sautuna. Irin wannan O. na abu, a Krom tonic ya mamaye. aikin halayyar kiɗa. tatsuniya na mutane daban-daban ("bagpipe fifths"), kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin prof. waka, musamman wajen kwaikwayon nar. kunna kiɗa (misali, kashi na biyar na wasan kwaikwayo na Beethoven na 6th); biyu rinjaye O.p. - akan sautunan rinjaye (ƙananan) da tonic (a cikin canji zuwa ƙarshen wasan kwaikwayo na Beethoven na 5th). Lokaci-lokaci akwai OPs akan wasu matakai (misali, a mataki na uku na ƙananan yara - a cikin uku daga sashin II na wasan kwaikwayo na Tchaikovsky na 6th; sautin ci gaba na mataki na hudu - a cikin piano "Serenade" na Rachmaninov). Tasirin O. p. Har ila yau, ana kiyaye shi a cikin lokuta inda sautin da ke haifar da shi ba ya shimfiɗa, amma ana maimaita shi (misali, scene IV daga opera Sadko na Rimsky-Korsakov) ko kuma lokacin da aka maimaita gajerun waƙoƙin. adadi (duba Ostinato).
Kamar fasaha. Lamarin O. na abu ya samo asali ne daga nar. kiɗa (raka na waƙa ta hanyar kunna jakar jaka da makamantansu. Asalin kalmar "O.p" yana da alaƙa da al'adar polyphony na farko, organum. Guido d'Arezzo (ƙarni na 11) wanda aka kwatanta a cikin "Micrologus de disciplina artis musicae" (1025-26) murya biyu "mai iyo" organum tare da motsin murya kai tsaye ("Organum suspensum"):
Franco na Cologne (karni na 13), yana magana (a cikin rubutun "Ars cantus mensurabilis") game da kwayoyin halitta, kuma yana amfani da kalmar "OP" - "organicus punctus". Ta “ma’ana” anan ana nufin sashen gabobin jiki, inda sautin cantus ke fuskantar da karin waƙa. zana babbar murya ("ma'ana" kuma ana kiranta irin wannan sauti da kanta). Daga baya, OP ya fara fahimtar sauti mai tsayi na sashin jiki, wanda aka yi amfani dashi sosai a cikin kiɗan gabobin daidai da fasaha. iyawar kayan aiki (kalmar Faransanci point d'orgue a cikin adabin kide-kide na Faransanci yana nufin ko dai cadenza na soloist, ko, sau da yawa, fermata). A cikin polyphonic A cikin nau'i na tsakiyar zamanai da kuma Renaissance, abubuwan mamaki na OP sau da yawa suna haifar da fasaha na cantus firmus (ta G. de Machaux, Josquin Despres, da sauransu), sautunan da aka ba su tsawon lokaci.
A cikin 17-19 ƙarni. O.p. samu (musamman a cikin classic. m siffofin) m. Kaddarorin sun zama masu ƙarfi na ci gaba. A cikin karni na 19 O. p. ya fara amfani da shi azaman mai launi, nau'in hali. yana nufin (misali, Chopin's "Lullaby", "The Old Castle" daga "Hotuna a wani nuni" na Mussorgsky, II aiki daga opera "Prince Igor", "Waƙar Baƙon Indiya" daga opera "Sadko"). A cikin karni na 20 wasu hanyoyin amfani da O. p. (da ostinato) ya bayyana. Darajar O.p. na iya samun maɗaukaki (misali, coda II na Shostakovich's 8th symphony) ko haɗaɗɗiyar magana. O.p. na iya ɗaukar halayen bango (misali, gabatarwa ga The Rite of Spring) da nau'ikan rubutu da ba a saba gani ba (alal misali, abin da ke gaba ga ramuwa a kashi na huɗu na sonata na 2nd piano Prokofiev - 15 sauti mai ƙarfi eis kamar yadda madaidaicin sautin gubar zuwa maimaituwa a cikin maɓallin d-moll).
References: gani a Art. Harmony
Yu. N. Kholopov
