Dakata |

daga Girkanci pausis - ƙarewa, tsayawa; lat. silentium ko pausa, Italiyanci. dakatarwa, shiru na Faransanci ko dakatarwa, Eng. shiru ko hutawa

Hutu a cikin sautin ɗaya, da yawa ko duk muryoyin Muses waɗanda ke dawwama na ɗan lokaci. yana aiki, da kuma alamar kiɗa da ke nuna wannan karyewar sauti. A cikin manyan instr. a cikin ƙungiyoyi, gungu-gungu, mawaƙa da kuma a cikin al'amuran wasan opera, ana kiran hutun gabaɗaya a cikin sauti.

An riga an wakilta manufar P. a cikin tsohuwar kiɗa. ka'idar, wacce ta ɗauki duk layukan wakoki marasa kuskure a matsayin daidaitattun waɗanda aka gajarta ta hanyar dakatarwa; P. an nuna shi ta alamar ^ (tare da ƙarin alamun na dogon lokaci); P., keta wani mita, kuma an san su. A cikin wadanda ba na tunani ba (duba Nevma) da kuma alamar mawaƙa, babu alamun P., duk da haka, a wani mataki na ci gaban ƙididdiga na waƙoƙin, an fara nuna gefuna na sassan waƙar ta hanyar rarraba layi. Tare da zuwan polyphony, wannan fasalin ya zama alamar ɗan ɗan dakata na tsayi mara iyaka. Ƙayyadaddun tsaikon da aka bambanta da tsawon lokaci an kawo shi ta hanyar bayanin haila. Ko da a farkon lokacinsa (ƙarni na 12-13), ga duk tsawon lokacin bayanin kula na kiɗan, an gabatar da alamun da suka dace na P.: pausa longa perfecta (ɓangare uku), pausa longa imperfecta (ɓangare biyu), pausa brevis da semipausa , daidai da semibrevis; daga baya an sami sauye-sauye a fayyace wasu daga cikinsu.

Tare da gabatarwar ƙananan bayanin kula - minima, semiminima, fusa da semifusa - alamun P., daidai da tsayin su, an aro su daga tsarin tablature.

A cikin karni na 16 tsarin sanarwa don dakatarwa ya ɗauki nau'i mai zuwa:

Dakatawar bayanin haila

A cikin P. na zamani ana amfani da shi a cikin rubutun kiɗa: gaba ɗaya, rabi, kwata, na takwas, na goma sha shida, na talatin da biyu, da sittin da hudu, da kuma lokaci-lokaci - breve, daidai a tsawon lokaci zuwa cikakkun bayanai guda biyu. Don ƙara tsawon lokacin P. ta 1/2, 1/2 + 1/4, 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8, da dai sauransu, da kuma ƙara tsawon lokacin bayanin kula, ana amfani da ɗigo. . Dakata a cikin ma'auni, ko da kuwa girmansa, ana nuna shi ta alamar P., daidai da dukan bayanin kula. P. a cikin ma'auni 2-4 ana nuna su ta amfani da alamun da aka aro daga alamar haila, P., daidai da adadi mafi girma, ta hanyar maye gurbin waɗannan alamun ko tare da taimakon alamun musamman na tsawaitawa tare da lambobi da aka rubuta a sama da su. daidai da adadin matakan dakatarwa.

Dakatar da bayanin zamani

Idan da farko P. galibi yana nuni da furucin karin waƙa. muryoyin, a hankali aka fara amfani da su a cikin waƙar. formations, zama mai mahimmanci bayyana. yana nufin. Kamar yadda X. Riemann ya nuna, irin wannan dakatarwa ba shi da "sifili", amma ma'anar "mara kyau", yana tasiri sosai ga bayyanar muses na baya da na gaba. gine-gine. Bayyana tare da misalai. dakatarwa na iya zama misalai da yawa na al'ada. kiɗa, misali. "Jigon kaddara" daga kashi na 1 na wasan kwaikwayo na Beethoven na 5, inda P. ya zurfafa abin ban mamaki. yanayin kiɗan, ko kuma waƙar soyayyar Tchaikovsky "A cikin Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwa na Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙaƙwalwa ) ) da ke da alaƙa da yin amfani da dakatarwa. Duba bayanin haila, Rhythm.

A cikin wani Rashanci. Ka'idar kiɗa a lokacin lokacin sauyawa daga bayanin ƙugiya zuwa alamar murabba'i, akwai nata tsarin na zayyana dakatarwa: edna - duka, eu (ko es) - rabi, sanduna (sanduna) - kwata, sep ko sema - takwas; aboki - ma'auni biyu; na uku - uku ma'auni, chvarta - hudu ma'auni, da dai sauransu.

References: Diletsky H., Mawaƙin Grammar, (St. Petersburg), 1910.

Vakhromeev