Sitar: bayanin kayan aiki, abun da ke ciki, sauti, tarihi, amfani

Al'adun kiɗa na Turai ba sa son karɓar Asiya, amma sitar kayan kiɗan Indiya, wanda ya bar iyakokin ƙasarsa, ya shahara sosai a Ingila, Jamus, Sweden da sauran ƙasashe. Sunansa ya fito ne daga haɗakar kalmomin Turkanci "se" da "tar", wanda ke nufin "zango uku". Sautin wannan wakilin kirtani yana da ban mamaki da sihiri. Kuma kayan aikin Indiya sun sami ɗaukaka ta Ravi Shankar, ɗan wasan virtuoso sitar kuma guru na kiɗan ƙasa, wanda zai iya cika shekara ɗari a yau.

Menene sitar

Kayan na'urar na cikin rukunin igiyoyin da aka ɗebo, na'urar ta tana kama da lute kuma tana da kamanni mai nisa da guitar. Tun asali ana amfani da shi don kunna kiɗan gargajiya na Indiya, amma a yau ikonsa ya yi yawa. Ana iya jin Sitar a cikin ayyukan dutse, ana amfani da shi a cikin ƙungiyoyin kabilanci da na jama'a.

A Indiya, ana girmama shi da girmamawa sosai. An yi imani da cewa don cikakken ƙwarewar kayan aiki, kana buƙatar rayuwa hudu. Saboda yawan kirtani da kuma na musamman na gourd resonators, an kwatanta sautin sitar da na ƙungiyar makaɗa. Sautin yana da hankali, mai ban sha'awa tare da peals, mawaƙa na dutsen da ke wasa a cikin nau'in "rotsen mahaukata" sun fada cikin ƙauna.

Na'urar kayan aiki

Zane na sitar yana da sauƙi a kallon farko. Ya ƙunshi resonators biyu na kabewa - manya da ƙanana, waɗanda ke haɗe tare da babban allo mai tsayi. Yana da manyan igiyoyin bourdon guda bakwai, biyu daga cikinsu chikari ne. Su ke da alhakin kunna sassa na rhythmic, sauran kuma karin waƙa ne.

Bugu da ƙari, an shimfiɗa wasu igiyoyi 11 ko 13 a ƙarƙashin goro. Babban ƙaramin resonator yana ƙara sautin zaren bass. An yi wuyan daga tun itace. An jawo kwayoyi a wuyansa tare da igiyoyi, yawancin turaku suna da alhakin tsarin kayan aiki.

Tarihi

Sitar yayi kama da lute, wanda ya zama sananne a cikin karni na XNUMX. Amma a cikin karni na XNUMX BC, wani kayan aiki ya tashi - rudra-veena, wanda ake la'akari da kakannin sitar. A cikin ƙarni, an sami sauye-sauye masu ma'ana, kuma a ƙarshen karni na XNUMX, mawaƙin Indiya Amir Khusro ya ƙirƙira kayan aiki mai kama da na Tajik setor, amma ya fi girma. Ya halicci resonator daga kabewa, bayan ya gano cewa shi ne daidai irin wannan "jiki" wanda ya ba shi damar fitar da sauti mai haske da zurfi. Kara Khusro da yawan kirtani. Setor din yana da uku ne kawai.

Dabarun wasa

Suna kunna kayan aiki yayin da suke zaune, suna sanya resonator akan gwiwoyi. Ana riƙe wuyansa tare da hannun hagu, igiyoyin da ke wuyan suna manne da yatsunsu. Yatsun hannun dama suna fitar da motsi masu tsinke. A lokaci guda, an sanya "mizrab" a kan yatsan hannu - matsakanci na musamman don cire sauti.

Don ƙirƙirar innations na musamman, ƙaramin yatsa yana cikin Kunna akan sitar, ana buga su tare da igiyoyin bourdon. Wasu sitarists da gangan suke shuka ƙusa a wannan yatsa don ƙara sautin ɗanɗano. Wuyan yana da igiyoyi da yawa waɗanda ba a amfani da su kwata-kwata yayin wasa. Suna haifar da tasirin amsawa, suna sa waƙar karin magana, suna jaddada babban sautin.

Shahararrun Masu Wasa

Ravi Shankar zai ci gaba da zama ɗan wasan sitar wanda ba a taɓa gani ba a tarihin kiɗan Indiya tsawon ƙarni. Ba wai kawai ya zama mashawarcin kayan aikin a tsakanin masu sauraron yammacin duniya ba, har ma ya ba da basirarsa ga dalibai masu basira. Na dogon lokaci ya kasance abokai tare da guitarist na almara "The Beatles" George Harrison. A cikin kundin "Revolver" ana iya jin sautin halayen wannan kayan aikin Indiya a fili.

Ravi Shankar ya ba da basirar yin amfani da sitar ga 'yarsa Annushka. Tun tana shekara 9, ta kware a fasahar wasan kida, ta yi wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya na Indiya, kuma tana da shekaru 17 ta riga ta fitar da nata tarin kayan kade-kade. Yarinyar ta ci gaba da yin gwaji tare da nau'o'i daban-daban. Don haka sakamakon haɗin kiɗan Indiya da flamenco shine kundi nata "Trelveller".

Daya daga cikin mashahuran sitarists a Turai shine Shima Mukherjee. Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Ingila, tana ba da kide-kide na haɗin gwiwa tare da saxophonist Courtney Pine. Daga cikin ƙungiyoyin kiɗan da ke amfani da sitar, ƙungiyar ethno-jazz "Mukta" ta yi fice sosai. A cikin duk rikodin ƙungiyar, kayan kirtani na Indiya ana kunna su kaɗai.

Sauran mawakan daga ƙasashe daban-daban kuma sun ba da gudummawa wajen haɓakawa da haɓaka shaharar kiɗan Indiya. Ana amfani da fasalin sautin sitar a cikin ayyukan makada na Jafananci, Kanada, Burtaniya.