Sautin gefe |
An ƙara bayanin kula na Faransa, nem. Zusatzton, Zusatzton
Sautin da ba ya cikin (ana ƙara zuwa) tushen tsarin sa. A wata fassarar kuma, P.t. shi ne “sauti mara sauti (watau, ba a haɗa shi cikin tsarin tertian na maƙarƙashiya), wanda ke samun ma’ana mai jituwa a cikin abin da aka ba da shi a matsayin abin da ya ƙunshi” (Yu. N. Tyulin); Ana iya haɗa duka fassarorin biyu. Yawancin lokaci, P.t. ana magana da shi dangane da sautin da ba a haɗa shi cikin tsarin tertian na maɗaukaki (misali, na shida a D7). An bambanta tsakanin abin maye (ɗauka maimakon maƙarƙashiya mai alaƙa) da shiga (ɗauka tare da shi).
F. Chopin. Mazurka op. 17 ba4.
PI Tchaikovsky. Siphony na 6, motsi IV.
P.t. Za a iya yiwuwa dangane da ba kawai ga waƙoƙi na uku ba, har ma da maƙallan tsarin daban-daban, da kuma polychords:
Ƙarin sautin P. (musamman sau biyu ko uku P. sautunan) yawanci yakan haifar da sauyawar maɗaukaki zuwa polychord. P.t. ƙirƙirar bambance-bambancen aiki guda uku a cikin tsarin maɗaukaki: 1) babba. sautin ("tushen" na maƙarƙashiya), 2) wasu sautunan na ainihi. Tsarin (tare da babban sautin "core" na maɗaukaki) da 3) sautunan biyu (dangane da P. t., "core" yana taka rawa mai kama da "babban sautin" na babban tsari). Don haka, ana iya kiyaye alaƙar aiki mafi sauƙi ko da tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran dissonant na polyphonic:
SS Prokofiev. "Romeo da Juliet" (guda 10 don fp. op. 75, No 5, "Masks").
A matsayin sabon abu na tunanin jituwa P.t. yana da alaƙa sosai da tarihin dissonance. Na bakwai an kafa shi a asali a cikin maɗaukaki (D7) azaman nau'in "daskararre" sautin wucewa. Kinetics na dissonance chord shine tunatarwa game da asalinsa, na yanayin "sautin gefe". Crystallized a cikin ƙarni na 17-18. tertsovye chords (duka bak'i da dissonant) an gyara su, duk da haka, a matsayin ma'auni na al'ada. Saboda haka, P.t. Ya kamata a bambanta ba da irin wannan chords kamar V7 ko II6 / 5, amma a cikin tsarin rikice-rikice (kamar yadda za a iya shirya sauti a cikin uku, misali, tonic tare da na shida "). P.t. yana da alaƙa ta asali da acciaccatura, dabarar aiwatarwa na ƙarni na 17th da 18th. (tare da D. Scarlatti, L. Couperin, JS Bach). P.t. ya sami wasu rarraba cikin jituwa na karni na 19. (sakamakon tonic tare da na shida a cikin jigo na biyu na ƙarshe na sonata na 27 na Beethoven don piano, "Chopin's" wanda ya mamaye na shida, da sauransu). P.t. ya zama kayan aiki na al'ada a cikin jituwa na karni na 20. An gane da farko a matsayin "karin bayanin kula" (VG Karatygin), watau a matsayin sautunan da ba su da murya "manne" a cikin maɗaukaki, P.t. nau'i, daidai yake da nau'ikan nau'ikan sautin murya da mara sauti.
A matsayin ka'idar manufar P. t. ya koma kan ra'ayin u1bu1bthe "ƙara na shida" (shida ajoutée) na JP Rameau (a cikin bin f2 a2 c1 d1 - c2 g2 c1 e1 babban sautin na 1st chord shine f, ba d, wanda shine PT, dissonance da aka ƙara zuwa triad f2 a4 cXNUMX). X. Riemann yayi la'akari da P.t. (Zusdtze) ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin XNUMX na samar da ƙididdiga masu ɓarna (tare da sautunan da ba su dace ba akan bugun nauyi da haske, da kuma sauye-sauye). O. Messiaen ya ba P.t. ƙarin hadaddun siffofin. GL Catuar ya ƙaddamar da kalmar "P. t." sautunan da ba a haɗa su ba, amma musamman yana la'akari da "haɗin jituwa da aka kafa ta sautunan gefe". Yu. N. Tyulin ya ba P.t. irin wannan fassarar, rarraba su zuwa maye gurbinsu da samun tushe.
References: Karatygin VG, Mawaƙin Impressionist. (Don samar da Debussy's Peléas et Melisande), Magana, 1915, No 290; Catuar GL, Hanyar jituwa ta ka'idar, sashi na 2, M., 1925; Tyulin Yu. N., Littafin daidaitawa, sashi na 2, M., 1959; nasa, Zamani na zamani da asalinsa na tarihi, a cikin tarin: Tambayoyin Kiɗa na Zamani, L., 1963, iri ɗaya, a cikin tarin: Matsalolin Matsalolin Kiɗa na Ƙarni na 1, vol. 1967, M., 2; Rashinyan ZR, Textbook of Harmony, book. 1966, Er., 1 (cikin Armenian); Kiseleva E., Sautunan Sakandare A cikin jituwar Prokofiev, a cikin: Matsalolin ka'idar kiɗa na 1967th karni, vol. 4, M., 1973; Rivano NG, Mai karatu cikin jituwa, sashi na 8, M., 18, ch. takwas; Gulyanitskaya NS, Matsalar maƙarƙashiya a cikin jituwa na zamani: game da wasu ra'ayoyin Anglo-Amurka, a cikin: Tambayoyin Kiɗa, Tattaunawar Jiha. Cibiyar Kiɗa da Ilimi. Gnesins, ba. 1976, Moscow, 1887; Riemann H., Handbuch der Harmonielehre, Lpz., 1929, 20; Carner M., Nazarin jituwa na ƙarni na 1942, L., (1944); Messiaen O., Technique de mon langage kiɗan. P., (1951); Zama R., Ayyuka masu jituwa, NY, (1961); Rerschetti V., Ƙarni na Ashirin NY, (1966); Ulehla L., Haɗin kai na Zamani. Romanticism ta hanyar layi na goma sha biyu, NY-L., (XNUMX).
Yu. H. Kholopov
