Boris Asafyev |

Boris Asafiev

Mutane Artist na Tarayyar Soviet (1946). Malami (1943). A 1908 ya sauke karatu daga Faculty of Tarihi da Falsafa na St. Petersburg University, a 1910 - St. Petersburg Conservatory, aji na abun da ke ciki AK Lyadov. Sadarwa tare da VV Stasov, AM Gorky, IE Repin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, AK Glazunov, FI Chaliapin yana da tasiri mai amfani akan samuwar ra'ayinsa na duniya. Tun 1910 ya yi aiki a matsayin mai rakiya a Mariinsky Theatre, wanda shi ne farkon na kusa m dangantaka da Rasha m gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A 1910-11 Asafiev ya rubuta na farko ballets - "The Gift na Fairy" da "White Lily". Ya bayyana lokaci-lokaci a cikin bugawa. Daga 1914 ya aka kullum buga a cikin mujallar "Music".

Ayyukan Asafiev na kimiyya da aikin jarida da na jama'a sun sami matsayi na musamman bayan juyin juya halin gurguzu na Oktoba. Ya yi aiki tare a cikin da dama kafofin watsa labarai gabobin (Life of Art, Vechernyaya Krasnaya Gazeta, da dai sauransu), amsa tambayoyi daban-daban daga muses. rayuwa, ya shiga cikin aikin muses. t-tsalle, kide kide da wake-wake da tsaftar al'adu. kungiyoyi a Petrograd. Tun 1919 Asafiev aka hade da Bolshoi Drama. t-rum, ya rubuta kiɗa don yawan wasan kwaikwayonsa. A 1919-30 ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Tarihin Art (tun 1920 ya kasance shugaban sashen tarihin kiɗa). Tun 1925 Farfesa Leningrad. ɗakin ajiya. 1920s - daya daga cikin mafi yawan lokutan kimiyya. Ayyukan Asafiev. A wannan lokacin, an halicci da yawa. mafi mahimmancinsa. ayyuka - "Symphonic Etudes", "Haruffa a kan Rasha Opera da Ballet", "Rasha Music daga farkon karni na 19", "Musical Form a matsayin tsari" (part 1), hawan keke na monographs da nazari na nazari, sadaukar domin. Ayyukan MI Glinka, MP Mussorgsky, PI Tchaikovsky, AK Glazunov, IF Stravinsky da sauransu, da yawa. labarai masu mahimmanci game da zamani. Mawakan Soviet da na kasashen waje, a kan batutuwa masu kyau, kiɗa. ilimi da wayewa. A cikin 30s. Asafiev ya ba Ch. hankalin kiɗa. kerawa, musamman yin aiki mai zurfi a fagen wasan ballet. A 1941-43, a cikin kewaye Leningrad, Asafiev ya rubuta wani m sake zagayowar ayyuka - "Tunani da Tunani" (bugu a wani ɓangare). A 1943 Asafiev ya koma Moscow kuma ya jagoranci Ofishin Bincike a Moscow. Conservatory, kuma ya jagoranci Sashin Kiɗa a Cibiyar Tarihi na Art a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta USSR. A shekarar 1948, a babban taron Mawaka na Farko, an zabe shi a baya. Farashin USSR. Stalin Prizes a 1943 shekaru da yawa na fitattun nasarori a fagen fasaha da kuma a 1948 ga littafin Glinka.

Asafiev ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga yawancin rassan ka'idar da tarihin kiɗa. Tare da babban kiɗa. da fasaha na gabaɗaya. ilimi, zurfin ilimin ɗan adam, koyaushe yana la'akari da muses. abubuwan al'ajabi akan faffadan zamantakewa da al'adu, dangane da alakarsu da mu'amalarsu da dukkan bangarorin rayuwa ta ruhaniya. Asafiev mai haske mai basirar wallafe-wallafen ya taimaka masa ya sake haifar da ra'ayi na muses. samfur. a cikin rayuwa da siffar alama; A cikin ayyukan Asafiev, ana haɗa nau'in bincike sau da yawa tare da kallon mai rai na memoirist. Daya daga cikin chap. Masanin kimiyya Asafiev ya kasance na Rasha. music classic, nazarin to-ruyu Asafiev bayyana asali kasa, dan Adam, gaskiya, high xa'a pathos. A cikin ayyukan da aka sadaukar don kiɗa da kiɗa na zamani. al'adun gargajiya Asafiev yi aiki ba kawai a matsayin mai bincike, amma kuma a matsayin mai talla. Halaye a cikin wannan ma'ana shine taken ɗayan ayyukan Asafiev - "Ta hanyar da ta gabata zuwa gaba." Asafiev ya yi magana da hankali da himma don kare sabbin abubuwa a cikin kerawa da kiɗa. rayuwa. A cikin shekarun kafin juyin juya hali, Asafiev ya (tare da VG Karatygin da N. Ya. Myaskovsky) daya daga cikin na farko masu sukar da farfaganda na aikin matasa SS Prokofiev. A cikin 20s. Asafiev ya ba da labarai da dama ga ayyukan A. Berg, P. Hindemith, E. Ksheneck da sauransu. kasashen waje mawaki. A cikin Littafin Stravinsky, an bayyana wasu fasaloli masu salo da dabara. tafiyar matakai halayyar kidan na farkon karni na 20. A cikin labarin Asafiev "Rikicin Ƙirƙirar Keɓaɓɓen mutum" da "Mawaƙa, Yi sauri!" (1924) an yi kira ga mawaƙa don haɗawa da rayuwa, su kusanci mai sauraro. Mn. Asafiev ya kula da al'amurran da suka shafi taro music. rayuwa, nar. kerawa. Zuwa mafi kyawun misalai na owls. masu sukar kiɗa sun mallaki labaran sa akan N. Ya. Myaskovsky, DD Shostakovich, AI Khachaturian, V. Ya. Shebalin.

Falsafa da kyan gani. kuma ra'ayoyin Asafiev na ka'idar sun sami alama. juyin halitta. A farkon lokacin aikinsa, an siffanta shi da kyawawan halaye. trends. Ƙoƙarin fahimtar ƙwaƙƙwaran kiɗan, don shawo kan aƙida. koyarwar kiɗa. nau'i, da farko ya dogara da falsafar A. Bergson, bashi, musamman, ra'ayinsa na "sha'awar rayuwa". A kan samuwar kida-ka'idar. Tunanin Asafiev yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan makamashi. Ka'idar E. Kurt. Nazarin ayyukan litattafan Marxism-Leninism (daga rabin 2nd na 20s) ya amince da Asafiev akan jari-hujja. matsayi. Sakamakon binciken Asafiev na ka'idar shine ƙirƙirar ka'idar shiga, wanda shi da kansa yayi la'akari da shi azaman hasashe wanda ke taimakawa wajen gano "maɓalli don ainihin hujjojin fasahar kiɗan a matsayin ainihin ma'anar gaskiya." Ma'anar kiɗa a matsayin "fasahar ma'anar ma'ana", Asafiev ya ɗauki innation a matsayin babban takamaiman. nau'i na "bayyanar tunani" a cikin kiɗa. Ma'anar symphonism a matsayin hanyar fasaha, wanda Asafiev ya gabatar, ya sami muhimmiyar mahimmancin ka'idar. gabaɗaya a cikin kiɗa bisa ga tsauri. fahimtar gaskiya a cikin ci gabanta, karo da gwagwarmayar ka'idodin saɓani. Asafiev shine magaji da magajin manyan wakilan Rasha. Tunani na gargajiya game da kiɗa - VF Odoevsky, AN Serov, VV Stasov. A lokaci guda kuma, aikinsa yana nuna sabon mataki a cikin ci gaban muses. kimiyya. A. - wanda ya kafa mujiya. ilimin kida. Ra'ayoyinsa sun ci gaba da haɓaka a cikin ayyukan Soviets, da sauransu da yawa. masanan kida na kasashen waje.

Ayyukan Asafiev sun haɗa da ballet 28, operas 11, wasan kwaikwayo 4, ɗimbin adadin soyayya da kayan kida. samarwa, kiɗa zuwa wasanni masu ban mamaki da yawa. Ya kammala kuma ya yi amfani da opera Khovanshchina ta MP Mussorgsky bisa ga rubutun marubucin, kuma ya yi sabon bugu. Serov's opera "Ƙarfin abokan gaba"

Asafiev ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga ci gaban ballet. Tare da aikinsa, ya fadada al'ada. da'irar hotunan wannan nau'in. Ya rubuta ballets dangane da makircin AS Pushkin - Fountain Bakhchisarai (1934, Leningrad Opera da Ballet Theater), Fursunonin Caucasus (1938, Leningrad, Maly Opera gidan wasan kwaikwayo), Matasa Matasa-Peasant Woman (1946, Babban Mace. tr.), da sauransu; NV Gogol - Daren Kafin Kirsimeti (1938, Leningrad Opera da Ballet Theatre); M. Yu. Lermontov - "Ashik-Kerib" (1940, Leningrad. Small Opera House); M. Gorky - "Radda da Loiko" (1938, Moscow, wurin shakatawa na tsakiya na al'adu da nishaɗi); O. Balzac - "Rashin hasara" (1935, Leningrad Opera da Ballet Theater); Dante - "Francesca da Rimini" (1947, Moscow Musical Tr mai suna bayan KS Stanislavsky da VI Nemirovich-Danchenko). A cikin aikin ballet na Asafiev, an nuna jaruntakar yakin basasa - "Ranar Partisan" (1937, Leningrad Opera da Ballet Theater). gwagwarmaya na mutane da farkisanci - "Militsa" (1947, ibid.). A cikin adadin ballets, Asafiev ya nemi sake haifar da "yanayin intonation" na zamanin. A cikin ballet The Flames of Paris (1932, ibid.), Asafiev ya yi amfani da waƙoƙin waƙa daga zamanin juyin juya halin Faransa kuma ya yi aiki da mawaƙa na wancan lokacin kuma "ya yi aiki a kan wannan aikin ba kawai a matsayin marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, mawaki ba, har ma a matsayin masanin kida. , masanin tarihi da kuma masanin ilimin tarihi, kuma a matsayin marubuci, ba tare da guje wa hanyoyin da aka yi na littafin tarihin zamani ba. Asafiev yayi amfani da irin wannan hanyar lokacin ƙirƙirar opera The Treasurer bisa makircin M. Yu. Lermontov (1937, Leningrad Pakhomov Sailors Club) da sauransu. a cikin repertoire na Soviet muses. t-tsayi

Abubuwan da aka tsara: No. aiki, vols. IV, M., 1952-1957 (a cikin juzu'i. V da aka ba da cikakken littafin tarihin da notography); Fav. labarai game da wayewar waƙa da ilimi, M.-L., 1965; Mahimman labarai da bita, M.-L., 1967; Oresteia Kiɗa. trilogy S. DA. Taneeva, M., 1916; Romance S. DA. Taneeva, M., 1916; Jagoran kide kide, juzu'i. I. Kamus na mafi mahimmancin kiɗa da fasaha. nadi, P., 1919; Tsohon Kiɗa na Rasha. Kayayyaki da Bincike, vol. 1. AP DA. Tchaikovsky, P., 1920 (ed.); Waƙar Rasha a cikin kiɗan Rasha, P., 1921; Chaikovsky. Kwarewar halayyar, P., 1921; Scriabin. Kwarewar halayyar, P., 1921; Dante and Music, in: Dante Alighieri. 1321-1921, P., 1921; Nazarin Symphonic, P., 1922, 1970; P. DA. Chaikovsky. Rayuwarsa da aikinsa, P., 1922; Haruffa akan Opera da Ballet na Rasha, Petrograd Weekly. jihar acad. gidajen wasan kwaikwayo", 1922, No 3-7, 9, 10, 12, 13; Chopin. Kwarewar halayyar, M., 1923; Mussorgsky. Kwarewar haɓakawa, M., 1923; Overture "Ruslan da Lyudmila" na Glinka, "Musical Chronicle", Sat. 2, P., 1923; Ka'idar tsarin kida-tarihi, a matsayin tushen ilimin kida-tarihi, a cikin Sat: Ayyuka da hanyoyin nazarin fasaha, P., 1924; Glazunov. Kwarewar haɓakawa, L., 1924; Myaskovsky a matsayin mai ba da labari, kiɗa na zamani, M., 1924, No 3; Chaikovsky. Memoirs da haruffa, P., 1924 (ed.); Kiɗa na Rasha na Zamani da Ayyukan Tarihi, De Musisa, vol. 1, L., 1925; Waltz-Fantasy na Glinka, Tarihi na Kiɗa, No 3, L., 1926; Tambayoyin kiɗa a makaranta. Asabar labarai ed. DA. Glebova, L., 1926; Symphonism a matsayin matsala na ilimin kidan zamani, a cikin littafin: P. Becker, Symphony daga Beethoven zuwa Mahler, trans. ed. DA. Glebova, L., 1926; Kiɗan Faransanci da wakilanta na zamani, a cikin tarin: "Six" (Milo. Daya girma. Arik. Poulenc Durey. Taifer), L., 1926; Kshenec da Berg a matsayin opera composers, "Modern Music", 1926, No. 17-18; A. Casella, L., 1927; DAGA Prokofiev, L., 1927; A kan ayyukan nan da nan na ilimin zamantakewa na kiɗa, a cikin littafin: Moser G. I., Kiɗa na birni na tsakiya, trans. tare da Jamusanci, ƙarƙashin tsari. DA. Glebova, L., 1927; Kiɗa na symphonic na Rasha na shekaru 10, "Kiɗa da Juyin Juyin Halitta", 1927, No 11; Kiɗa na gida bayan Oktoba, a cikin Sat: Sabuwar kiɗa, a'a. 1 (V), L., 1927; A kan nazarin kiɗa na Rasha na karni na XVIII. da opera guda biyu na Bortnyansky, a cikin tarin: Kiɗa da kiɗa na tsohuwar Rasha, L., 1927; Memo game da Kozlovsky, ibid.; Don mayar da "Boris Godunov" ta Mussorgsky, L., 1928; Littafin game da Stravinsky, L., 1929; AMMA. G. Rubinstein a cikin ayyukan kiɗansa da sake dubawa na mutanen zamaninsa, M., 1929; Soyayyar Rasha. Kwarewa na bincike na innation. Asabar labarai ed. B. AT. Asafiev, M.-L., 1930; Gabatarwa ga Nazarin Mussorgsky's Dramaturgy, a cikin: Mussorgsky, sashi na XNUMX. 1. "Boris Godunov". Labarai da kayan aiki, M., 1930; Siffar kiɗa a matsayin tsari, M., 1930, L., 1963; TO. Nef. Tarihin Yammacin Turai. kiɗa, bita da ƙari trans. da franc. B. AT. Asafiev, L., 1930; M., 1938; Waƙar Rasha daga farkon karni na 19, M.-L., 1930, 1968; Ra'ayin kida da kyan gani na Mussorgsky, a cikin: M. AP Mussorgsky. Zuwa cika shekaru 50 da rasuwarsa. 1881-1931, Moscow, 1932. A kan aikin Shostakovich da opera "Lady Macbeth", a cikin tarin: "Lady Macbeth na Mtsensk District", L., 1934; Hanya na, "SM", 1934, No 8; A cikin memory na P. DA. Tchaikovsky, M.-L., 1940; Ta hanyar da ta wuce zuwa gaba, jerin labaran, a cikin tarin: "SM", No 1, M., 1943; Eugene Onegin. Hotunan raye-raye P. DA. Tchaikovsky. Kwarewa na bincike na innation na salo da kiɗa. wasan kwaikwayo, M.-L., 1944; N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, M.-L., 1944; Simfoni na takwas D. Shostakovich, a cikin sb.: Moscow Philharmonic, Moscow, 1945; Mawaƙin 1st pol. Karni na XNUMX, a'a. 1, M., 1945 (a cikin jerin "Rasha gargajiya music"); DAGA AT. Rachmaninov, M., 1945; Sigar kiɗa azaman tsari, littafi. 2nd, Intonation, M., 1947, L., 1963 (tare da kashi na 1); Glinka, M., 1947; Enchantress. Opera P. DA. Tchaikovsky, M., 1947; Hanyoyin ci gaba na kiɗa na Soviet, a cikin: Maƙala kan kerawa na kiɗa na Soviet, M.-L., 1947; Opera, ibid.; Symphony, ibid.; Grieg, M., 1948; Daga tattaunawata da Glazunov, Littafin Yearbook of the Institute of Art History, Moscow, 1948; Jita-jita na Glinka, a cikin tarin: M.

References: Lunacharsky A., Ɗaya daga cikin sauye-sauye a tarihin fasaha, "Bulletin of the Communist Academy", 1926, littafi. XV; Bogdanov-Berezovsky V., BV Asafiev. Birnin Leningrad, 1937; Zhitomirsky D., Igor Glebov a matsayin mai talla, "SM", 1940, No 12; Shostakovich D., Boris Asafiev, "Littafi da Art", 1943, Satumba 18; Ossovsky A., BV Asafiev, "Soviet Music", Sat. 4, M., 1945; Khubov G., Mawaƙi, mai tunani, mai talla, ibid.; Bernandt G., A cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar Asafiev, "SM", 1949, No 2; Livanova T., BV Asafiev da Glinkiana na Rasha, a cikin tarin: MI Glinka, M.-L., 1950; A cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar BV Asafiev, Sat. labarai, M., 1951; Mazel L., A kan ra'ayi na kida-ka'idar Asafiev, "SM", 1957, No 3; Kornienko V., Samuwar da juyin halitta na kyawawan ra'ayoyi na BV Asafiev, "Scientific-Methodic. Bayanan kula na Conservatory na Novosibirsk, 1958; Orlova E., BV Asafiev. Hanyar mai bincike da mai ba da labari, L., 1964; Iranek A., Wasu manyan matsalolin ilimin kida na Marxist bisa ga ka'idar Asafiev ta innation, a cikin Sat: Intonation da hoton kiɗa, M., 1965; Fydorov V., VV Asafev da la musicologie russe avant et apris 1917, a cikin: Bericht über den siebenten Internationalen musikwissenschaftlichen Kongress Keln 1958, Kassel, 1959; Jiranek Y., Peispevek k teorii a praxi intonaeni analyzy, Praha, 1965.

Yu.V. Keldysh