Yuri Shaporin (Yuri Shaporin).

Yuri Shaporin

Aiki da hali na Yu. Shaporin wani muhimmin al'amari ne a cikin fasahar kiɗan Soviet. Mai ɗaukar kuma mai ci gaba da al'adun al'adun gargajiya na masu hankali na Rasha na gaske, mutumin da ke da ilimin jami'a mai mahimmanci, wanda ya shayar da shi tun yana yaro dukan nau'o'in fasaha na Rasha, da saninsa da kuma jin tarihin Rasha, wallafe-wallafe, shayari, zane-zane, gine-gine - Shaporin yarda kuma sun yi maraba da sauye-sauyen da babban juyin gurguzu na Oktoba ya kawo kuma nan da nan da hannu cikin gina sabuwar al'ada.

An haife shi a cikin dangin masanan Rasha. Mahaifinsa ya kasance mai fasaha mai basira, mahaifiyarsa ta kammala digiri na Conservatory na Moscow, dalibi na N. Rubinstein da N. Zverev. Art a cikin bayyanarsa daban-daban ya kewaye mawaƙin nan gaba a zahiri daga shimfiɗar jariri. An kuma bayyana alaƙa da al'adun Rasha a cikin irin wannan gaskiyar mai ban sha'awa: ɗan'uwan kakan mawaƙa a gefen mahaifiyarsa, mawallafin V. Tumansky, abokin A. Pushkin, Pushkin ya ambaci shi a kan shafukan Eugene Onegin. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa ko da labarin kasa na rayuwar Yuri Alexandrovich ya bayyana dangantakarsa da asalin Rasha tarihi, al'adu, music: shi ne Glukhov - ma'abũcin muhimmanci gine Monuments, Kyiv (inda Shaporin karatu a Faculty of Tarihi da Philology na University), Petersburg-Leningrad (inda nan gaba mawaki karatu a Faculty of Law na Jami'ar, a Conservatory kuma ya rayu a 1921-34), Children's Village, Klin (tun 1934) da kuma, a karshe, Moscow. A cikin rayuwarsa, mawaki ya kasance tare da sadarwa tare da manyan wakilan al'adun Rasha da na Soviet na zamani - mawaƙa A. Glazunov, S. Taneyev, A. Lyadov, N. Lysenko, N. Cherepnin, M. Steinberg, mawaƙa da marubuta M. Gorky, A. Tolstoy, A. Block, Sun. Rozhdestvensky, artists A. Benois, M. Dobuzhinsky, B. Kustodiev, darektan N. Akimov da sauransu.

Ayyukan kida na Shaporin, wanda ya fara a Glukhov, ya ci gaba a Kyiv da Petrograd. Mawaƙin nan gaba yana son yin waƙa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa, a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa, kuma ya gwada hannunsa wajen yin waƙa. A shekara ta 1912, bisa shawarar A. Glazunov da S. Taneyev, ya shiga cikin aji na Conservatory na St. Waɗannan su ne shekarun da fasahar Soviet ta fara ɗaukar hoto. A wannan lokaci, Shaporin ya fara aiki a daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci yankunan - mawaƙa ayyukan shekaru da dama da aka hade da haihuwa da kuma samuwar matasa Soviet wasan kwaikwayo. Ya yi aiki a Bolshoi Drama gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Petrograd, a Drama Theater na Petrozavodsk, a Leningrad Drama Theater, daga baya ya yi aiki tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Moscow (mai suna bayan E. Vakhtangov, Central Children gidan wasan kwaikwayo, Moscow Art wasan kwaikwayo, Maly). Dole ne ya gudanar da sashin kiɗa, hali kuma, ba shakka, rubuta kiɗa don wasanni (1918), ciki har da "King Lear", "Much Ado About Nothing" da "Comedy of Errors" na W. Shakespeare, "Robbers" na F Schiller, "Aure na Figaro" na P. Beaumarchais, "Tartuffe" na JB Moliere, "Boris Godunov" na Pushkin, "Aristocrats" na N. Pogodin, da dai sauransu. ƙirƙirar kiɗa don fina-finai ( "Wakoki uku game da Lenin", "Minin da Pozharsky", "Suvorov", "Kutuzov", da dai sauransu). Daga kiɗan don wasan kwaikwayo "Blokha" (a cewar N. Leskov), a cikin 20, an ƙirƙiri "Joke Suite" don wasan kwaikwayo na ban mamaki (iska, domra, accordions na maɓalli, piano da kayan kida) - "stylization of abin da ake kira shahararriyar bugu”, a cewar mawakin da kansa.

A cikin 20s. Shaporin kuma ya hada sonatas 2 na piano, wasan kwaikwayo na kade-kade da mawaka, soyayya akan ayoyi na F. Tyutchev, yana aiki don murya da makada, mawaka na rukunin sojoji. Taken kayan kida na Symphony na nuni ne. Wannan babban sikelin, zane mai ban mamaki da aka sadaukar don jigon juyin juya hali, matsayin mai zane a zamanin bala'in tarihi. Haɗa jigogi na waƙa na zamani ("Yablochko", "Maris na Budyonny") tare da yaren kiɗan kusa da salon gargajiya na Rasha, Shaporin, a cikin babban aikinsa na farko, yana haifar da matsalar daidaitawa da ci gaba da ra'ayoyi, hotuna, da harshen kiɗa. .

Shekaru 30 sun zama masu amfani ga mawaki, lokacin da aka rubuta mafi kyawun soyayyarsa, an fara aiki akan opera The Decembrists. Babban fasaha, halayyar Shaporin, fusion na almara da lyrical ya fara bayyana kansa a cikin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun aikinsa - symphony-cantata "A filin Kulikovo" (a kan layin A. Blok, 1939). Mawaƙin ya zaɓi abin da ya canza tarihin Rasha, da jaruntakar da ya gabata, a matsayin batun abubuwan da ya rubuta, kuma ya gabatar da cantata tare da ayoyi guda 2 daga ayyukan ɗan tarihi V. Klyuchevsky: “Rashawa sun dakatar da mamayewar Mongols. ceto wayewar Turai. An haifi jihar Rasha ba a cikin kirjin Ivan Kalita ba, amma a filin Kulikovo. Kiɗa na cantata yana cike da rayuwa, motsi, da nau'ikan jin daɗin ɗan adam da aka kama. An haɗa ƙa'idodin Symphonic anan tare da ka'idodin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo.

Waƙar opera tilo ta mawaki, The Decembrists (lib. Vs. Rozhdestvensky bisa AN Tolstoy, 1953), ita ma ta keɓe ga jigon tarihi da juyin juya hali. Farkon al'amuran wasan opera na gaba sun riga sun bayyana a cikin 1925 - sannan Shaporin yayi tunanin wasan opera a matsayin aikin waƙar da aka sadaukar don makomar Decembrist Annenkov da ƙaunataccensa Polina Goble. Sakamakon dogon aiki mai tsanani da aka yi a kan libretto, tattaunawa da masana tarihi da mawaka suka yi, an mayar da jigon wakar zuwa bango, sannan kuma jarumtaka mai ban mamaki da kishin jama'a ya zama na farko.

A cikin aikinsa, Shaporin ya rubuta kiɗan murya na ɗakin gida. Ayyukansa sun haɗa a cikin asusun zinariya na kiɗa na Soviet. Gaggawar lafazin waƙoƙin waƙa, kyawun jin daɗin ɗan adam, wasan kwaikwayo na gaske, asali da dabi'a na karatun ayar, filastik na waƙar, bambance-bambance da wadatar rubutun piano, cikar da amincin. nau'in ya bambanta mafi kyawun romances na mawaki, daga cikinsu akwai romances zuwa ayoyin F. Tyutchev ("Me kuke magana game da kuka, iska ta dare", "Shayari", zagayowar "Memory na zuciya"), takwas elegies on. waqoqin mawakan Rasha, Waqoqin soyayya guda biyar akan waqoqin A. Pushkin (ciki har da fitacciyar soyayyar mawaqin “Spell”), zagayowar “Youth Distant” akan waqoqin A. Blok.

A cikin rayuwarsa, Shaporin ya yi aiki mai yawa na zamantakewa, kiɗa da ayyukan ilimi; ya bayyana a cikin manema labarai a matsayin mai suka. Daga 1939 har zuwa kwanaki na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, ya koyar da wani abun da ke ciki da kuma kayan aiki ajin a Moscow Conservatory. Kyakkyawan fasaha, hikima da dabara na malamin ya ba shi damar kawo irin waɗannan mawaƙa daban-daban kamar R. Shchedrin, E. Svetlanov, N. Sidelnikov, A. Flyarkovsky. G. Zhubanova, Ya. Yakhin da sauransu.

Sana'ar Shaporin, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na gaske na Rasha, koyaushe yana da mahimmancin ɗabi'a kuma cikakke. A cikin karni na XNUMX, a cikin tsaka mai wuya a cikin ci gaban fasahar kiɗan, lokacin da tsoffin al'adu ke rugujewa, an ƙirƙiri ƙungiyoyin zamani marasa adadi, ya sami damar yin magana game da sabbin sauye-sauyen zamantakewa a cikin harshe mai iya fahimta kuma gabaɗaya. Ya kasance mai ɗaukar al'adun gargajiya da masu dacewa na fasahar kiɗa na Rasha kuma ya sami damar samun nasa sautin, nasa, "Shaporin bayanin kula", wanda ya sa waƙarsa ta zama sananne kuma masu sauraro suna son su.

V. Bazarnova