Shura Cherkassky |

Shura Cherkassky

A cikin kide-kide na wannan zane-zane, masu sauraro sau da yawa suna da ban mamaki: yana da alama cewa ba gogaggen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ba ne wanda ke yin a gaban ku, amma ƙaramin ɗan ƙaramin yaro. Gaskiyar cewa a kan mataki a cikin piano akwai wani karamin mutum tare da yaro, sunan mai raɗaɗi, kusan tsayin yara, tare da gajeren hannu da ƙananan yatsunsu - duk wannan yana nuna ƙungiya ne kawai, amma an haife shi ta hanyar salon wasan kwaikwayo da kanta. alama ba kawai ta ƙuruciya ba, amma wani lokacin rashin hankali na yara. A'a, wasansa ba za a iya hana wani nau'in kamala na musamman, ko kyan gani ba, har ma da ban sha'awa. Amma ko da za ku tafi, yana da wuya a daina tunanin cewa duniyar motsin zuciyar da mai zane ya shiga cikin ku ba ta cikin wani balagagge, mai daraja.

A halin yanzu, ana ƙididdige hanyar fasaha ta Cherkassky shekaru da yawa. Wani ɗan ƙasar Odessa, ya kasance ba za a iya raba shi da kiɗa daga ƙuruciya ba: yana da shekaru biyar ya shirya babban wasan opera, a cikin goma ya gudanar da ƙungiyar makaɗa mai son kuma, ba shakka, yana buga piano na sa'o'i da yawa a rana. Ya karbi darussan kiɗa na farko a cikin iyali, Lidia Cherkasskaya yar wasan pian ce kuma ta yi wasa a St. A 1923, da iyali Cherkassky, bayan dogon yawo, zauna a Amurka, a birnin Baltimore. Anan matashin virtuoso ba da daɗewa ba ya fara halarta a gaban jama'a kuma ya sami nasara mai ban tsoro: duk tikitin kide-kide na gaba an sayar da su cikin sa'o'i kaɗan. Yaron ya ba wa masu sauraro mamaki ba kawai tare da fasaha na fasaha ba, har ma da mawaƙa na mawaƙa, kuma a wannan lokacin tarihinsa ya riga ya haɗa da ayyuka fiye da ɗari biyu (ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo na Grieg, Liszt, Chopin). Bayan ya fara halarta a birnin New York (1925), jaridar Duniya ta ce: “Tare da reno da kyau, zai fi dacewa a ɗaya daga cikin wuraren shakatawa na kaɗe-kaɗe, Shura Cherkassky zai iya girma cikin ƴan shekaru zuwa ƙwararren piano na zamaninsa.” Amma ba a lokacin ba ko kuma daga baya Cherkassky ya yi nazari bisa tsari a ko'ina, sai dai 'yan watanni na karatu a Cibiyar Curtis karkashin jagorancin I. Hoffmann. Kuma daga 1928 ya sadaukar da kansa gaba daya ga concert ayyuka, karfafa da m reviews na pianism kamar Rachmaninov, Godovsky, Paderevsky.

Tun daga wannan lokacin, fiye da rabin karni, ya ci gaba da "shaka" a kan tekun kide-kide, inda ya sake tarar masu saurare daga kasashe daban-daban da asalin wasansa, wanda ya haifar da zazzafar muhawara a tsakanin su, yana daukar kan shi kanshi. kibiyoyi masu mahimmanci, wanda wani lokacin ba ya iya karewa da makamai masu sauraro. Ba za a iya cewa wasansa bai canza ba a kowane lokaci: a cikin hamsin, sannu a hankali, ya fara ci gaba da ƙware a wuraren da ba a iya isa ba - sonatas da manyan hawan keke na Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms. Amma duk da haka, a gaba ɗaya, ma'anar tafsirinsa gabaɗaya ya kasance iri ɗaya, kuma ruhun wani nau'in halin kirki na rashin kulawa, har ma da sakaci yana shawagi a kansu. Kuma shi ke nan – “ya bayyana”: duk da gajerun yatsu, duk da alamun rashin ƙarfi…

Amma wannan babu makawa ya haifar da zargi - don girman kai, son kai da ƙoƙari don tasirin waje, watsi da duka da al'adu iri-iri. Alal misali, Joachim Kaiser, ya gaskata: “Kyakkyawan dabi’a kamar Shura Cherkassky mai ƙwazo, ba shakka, yana iya haifar da mamaki da yabawa daga masu sauraro masu hazaka – amma a lokaci guda, ga tambayar yadda muke kunna piano a yau, ko kuma. yadda al'adun zamani ke da alaƙa da ƙwararrun adabin piano, himmar Cherkassky ba zai iya ba da amsa ba.

Masu suka suna magana - kuma ba tare da dalili ba - game da "dandann cabaret", game da matsanancin ra'ayi, game da 'yancin yin amfani da rubutun marubucin, game da rashin daidaituwa na salo. Amma Cherkassky bai damu da tsabtar salon ba, mutuncin ra'ayi - kawai yana wasa, yana wasa kamar yadda yake jin kiɗan, sauƙi kuma a zahiri. To, menene sha'awa da sha'awar wasansa? Ƙwararren fasaha ne kawai? A'a, ba shakka, babu wanda ya yi mamakin wannan a yanzu, kuma ban da, yawancin matasa virtuosos suna wasa da sauri da ƙarfi fiye da Cherkassky. Ƙarfinsa, a taƙaice, daidai yake a cikin spontaneity na ji, kyawun sauti, da kuma a cikin abin mamaki wanda kullunsa ke ɗauka, a cikin ikon pianist na "karanta tsakanin layi." Tabbas, a cikin manyan zane-zane wannan sau da yawa bai isa ba - yana buƙatar ma'auni, zurfin falsafanci, karantawa da isar da tunanin marubucin a cikin dukkan hadaddun su. Amma ko da a nan Cherkassky wani lokacin yana sha'awar lokutan cike da asali da kyau, abubuwan da suka faru, musamman a cikin sonatas na Haydn da farkon Mozart. Kusa da salonsa shine kiɗan soyayya da marubutan zamani. Wannan yana cike da haske da shayari "Carnival" na Schumann, sonatas da fantasies na Mendelssohn, Schubert, Schumann, "Islamei" na Balakirev, kuma a ƙarshe, sonatas ta Prokofiev da "Petrushka" na Stravinsky. Amma ga piano miniatures, a nan Cherkassky ne ko da yaushe a cikin kashi, kuma a cikin wannan kashi akwai 'yan daidai da shi. Ba kamar wani ba, ya san yadda ake samun cikakkun bayanai masu ban sha'awa, haskaka muryoyin gefe, saita rawar rawa mai ban sha'awa, samun haske mai ban sha'awa a cikin wasannin kwaikwayo na Rachmaninoff da Rubinstein, Poulenc's Toccata da Mann-Zucca's "Training the Zuave", Albéniz's "Tango" da kuma da dama na sauran ban mamaki "kananan abubuwa".

Tabbas, wannan ba shine babban abu a cikin fasahar pianoforte ba; Sunan babban mai fasaha ba a yawanci gina shi akan wannan ba. Amma irin wannan shine Cherkassky - kuma shi, a matsayin banda, yana da "yancin zama." Kuma da zarar kun saba da wasansa, ba da son rai ba za ku fara samun abubuwa masu ban sha'awa a cikin sauran fassarorinsa, za ku fara fahimtar cewa mai zane yana da nasa, na musamman da kuma ƙarfin hali. Kuma wasansa baya haifar da haushi, kuna so ku saurare shi akai-akai, har ma da sanin iyakokin fasaha na mai zane. Sannan ka fahimci dalilin da ya sa wasu masu sukar piano masu tsananin gaske da masu sanin makamar piano suka sanya shi sosai, suna kiransa, kamar R. Kammerer, “magaji ga rigar I. Hoffman". Don wannan, dama, akwai dalilai. "Cherkassky," in ji B. Jacobs a cikin marigayi 70s yana daya daga cikin basirar asali, shi mai basira ne na farko kuma, kamar wasu a cikin wannan ƙananan adadi, ya fi kusa da abin da kawai muke sake ganewa a matsayin ruhun gaskiya na manyan litattafai da romantics fiye da da yawa "mai salo" abubuwan halitta na busassun ma'aunin dandano na tsakiyar karni na XNUMX. Wannan ruhun yana ƙaddamar da babban matakin ƴanci na mai yin wasan kwaikwayo, ko da yake wannan ƴancin bai kamata a rikita shi da haƙƙin sabani ba. Yawancin sauran masana sun yarda da irin wannan babban kima na mai zane. Anan akwai ƙarin ra'ayoyi masu iko guda biyu. Masanin kiɗan K. AT. Kürten ya rubuta: “Maɓallin madannai mai ban sha’awa ba irin wanda ke da alaƙa da wasanni fiye da fasaha. Ƙarfinsa na guguwa, fasaha mara kyau, fasahar piano gaba ɗaya suna cikin sabis na sassauƙan kida. Cantilena yana fure a ƙarƙashin hannun Cherkassky. Yana da ikon canza sassa masu jinkirin cikin kyawawan launukan sauti, kuma, kamar wasu kaɗan, ya san abubuwa da yawa game da dabarar rhythmic. Amma a cikin mafi yawan lokuta masu ban mamaki, yana riƙe da wannan mahimmancin hazakar piano acrobatics, wanda ya sa mai sauraro mamaki cikin mamaki: a ina ne wannan ɗan ƙaramin mutum mai rauni ya sami irin wannan ƙarfin na musamman da ƙarfin ƙarfi wanda ya ba shi damar yin nasara cikin nasara ga duk kololuwar ɗabi'a? "Paganini Piano" daidai ake kira Cherkassky don fasahar sihirinsa. Shagunan hoton wani ɗan wasa na musamman yana cike da E. Orga: "A mafi kyawunsa, Cherkassky babban mashawarcin piano ne, kuma yana kawo wa fassararsa salo da salon da ba za a iya fahimta ba. Touché, pedalization, phrasing, ma'anar nau'i, ma'anar layi na biyu, girman kai, sha'awar jima'i - duk wannan yana cikin ikonsa. Yana haɗuwa da piano, ba ya barin ta cinye shi; Yana magana cikin sanyin murya. Bai taɓa neman yin wani abu mai kawo rigima ba, amma duk da haka bai ɓata ba. Kwanciyarsa da kwanciyar hankali ya kammala wannan XNUMX% ikon yin babban tasiri. Watakila ba shi da tsantsar hankali da cikakken iko da muke samu a ciki, ka ce, Arrau; ba shi da fara'a na Horowitz. Amma a matsayin mai zane-zane, ya sami harshen gama gari tare da jama'a ta hanyar da ko Kempf ba zai iya isa ba. Kuma a cikin manyan nasarorin da ya samu yana da nasara iri daya da Rubinstein. Misali, a cikin guda kamar Tango na Albéniz, ya ba da misalan da ba za a iya wuce su ba.

akai-akai - duka a cikin pre-yaki lokaci da kuma a cikin 70-80s, da artist ya zo da Tarayyar Soviet, da kuma Rasha masu sauraro iya fuskanci da m fara'a ga kansu, da haƙiƙa tantance abin da wuri nasa wannan sabon abu musician a cikin m panorama na pianistic. fasahar zamaninmu.

Tun a shekarun 1950 Cherkassky ya zauna a London, inda ya mutu a 1995. An binne shi a makabartar Highgate a London.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.