Horn: bayanin kayan aiki, abun da ke ciki, iri, tarihi, amfani

Daga cikin nau'ikan kayan kida iri-iri, babu 'yan asalin ƙasar Rasha da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikinsu ƙaho ne na katako, wanda ya tashi daga amintaccen abokin makiyaya zuwa cikakken memba na ƙungiyar jama'a da ƙungiyar makaɗa.

Menene ƙaho

Kaho kayan aikin al'ummar Rasha ne da aka yi da itace (a zamanin da, birch, maple, da juniper itace kayan aiki). Nasa ne na rukunin iska. “Yan uwa” na kusa su ne ƙahon farauta, ƙahon makiyayi.

Da farko, ya yi aikin da ba na kiɗa ba: yana aiki don jawo hankali, don ba da sigina mai ji idan akwai haɗari. An rarraba shi tsakanin makiyaya, masu tsaro, mayaƙa. Da yawa daga baya, an fara amfani da shi don kunna raye-raye da waƙoƙin waƙa.

Matsakaicin ƙaho yana kusan daidai da octave. Masu sana'a suna sarrafa fitar da sautunan 7-8, masu son samun damar zuwa iyakar 5. Kayan aiki yana sauti mai haske, sokin.

Na'urar kayan aiki

Abun ya yi kama da sauƙi mai sauƙi: bututun katako mai jujjuyawar sanye da ƙananan ramuka shida. A madadin rufe ramukan, mai sana'a yana fitar da sautin tsayin da ake so.

Sashe na sama, kunkuntar yana ƙarewa da bakin magana - wani abu ne da ke da alhakin cire sauti. Faɗin ƙananan ɓangaren ana kiransa kararrawa. Ƙararrawar tana ba da watsa sauti mai kyau, yana da alhakin innations mai haske.

Tsawon kayan aiki ya bambanta (a cikin 30-80 cm).

Tarihin asali

Ba a san sunan mahaliccin ƙaho ba, da kuma lokacin bayyanar. Asalin aikinsa, da ke nuna alamar makiyaya, ya nuna cewa yankunan farko na rarraba kayan ƙaho ne yankuna da masu kiwon shanu da manoma suka mamaye (kasashen Poland, Jamhuriyar Czech, da Finland).

Ƙho ya zama nishaɗi da yawa ƙarni da suka wuce. An yi amfani da zane mai siffar mazugi a lokacin al'ada, bukukuwan aure, bukukuwan jama'a.

Takaddun shaida na farko ya ambata a cikin Rasha game da kayan aikin ya koma rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX. Amma ya bazu ko'ina cikin kasar tun da farko. Waɗannan shaidun da aka rubuta sun riga sun bayyana cewa kayan aikin sun yaɗu a cikin ƙasar Rasha, galibi a cikin yawan manoma.

An yi ƙahon makiyayi bisa ga ka'ida ɗaya da ƙahonin makiyayi: an ɗaure rabi na jiki tare da haushin birch. Akwai sigar kwana ɗaya: makiyayi ya yi shi daga haushin willow. Cire haushin willow, tam ta murɗa shi a cikin karkace, samun bututu. An kira shi abin zubarwa, kamar yadda ake yi har sai haushi ya bushe. Tunanin kayan aikin kwana ɗaya na manoman yankin Tula ne.

An gabatar da ƙaho ga duniya a matsayin ainihin kayan aikin Rasha a cikin karni na XNUMX. Wannan lokacin ya kasance alama ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar 'yan wasan kaho na Vladimir (wanda NV Kondratiev ke jagoranta). Da farko dai, taron ya yi a cikin lardinsa, sannan aka gayyace shi don yin wasan kwaikwayo a babban birnin kasar.

A ƙarshen karni na XNUMX, Kondratiev Choir sun ba da kide-kide a Turai. Kowane wasan kwaikwayo yana tare da nasarar da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba. A lokacin ne kahon Rasha ya kafe cikin tarin kayan aikin jama'a. A farkon karni na XNUMX, an rubuta repertoire na mawakan Vladimir akan rikodin gramophone.

iri

Ana aiwatar da rarrabuwa bisa ga manyan siffofi guda biyu: aiki, yanki na rarrabawa.

Ta hanyar kisa

Akwai nau'ikan 2:

• Tari Wannan ya haɗa da ƙahoni iri biyu, suna gaba da juna cikin girma da sauti. Matsakaicin girman (kadan sama da 30 cm cikin girman) ana kiransa "squealer", matsakaicin (daga 70 cm cikin girman) ana kiransa "bass". ana amfani da su a cikin ensembles. A cikin jituwa tare da piano, balalaika, masu ganga.
• Solo. Yana da matsakaicin girma, a cikin yanki na 50-60 cm, ana kiransa "rabin-bass". Masu yin solo ne suka nema. Kyakkyawan kewayon sauti yana ba ku damar yin faffadan ayyukan kiɗa.

Ta yanki

Yankunan da ƙaho ya bazu sun inganta ƙira daidai da tatsuniyar tasu. A yau, an bambanta iri iri:

• Kursk;
• Kostroma;
• Yaroslavl;
• Suzdal;
• Vladimirsky.

Bambance-bambancen Vladimir ya sami mafi girman shahara - godiya ga ayyukan ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Vladimir Horn Players da aka bayyana a sama. Ayyukan kirkire-kirkire na NV Kondratiev ne ya kawo ɗaukaka ga ƙaho, canjin sa daga kayan aikin makiyaya zuwa haɗar wasa.

Amfani

Makiyaya ba su daɗe da amfani da ƙahoni ba. Wurin wannan kayan aiki a yau yana cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a na Rasha, ƙungiyar makaɗa. Isasshen ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwarar ƙwarar) ta iya sarrafa wahalar amfani da ƙira.

Shirin kide kide da wake-wake na jama'a, wanda ya hada da 'yan wasan ƙaho, ya haɗa da mafi yawan kiɗa: raye-raye, rawa, soja, ban dariya, bikin aure.

Yadda ake yin kaho

Yana da wuya a yi wasa. Kayan aiki ne na farko, ba shi da sauƙi don cire sautin da ake so daga gare ta. Zai ɗauki aiki mai mahimmanci, horar da numfashi. Ko da samun kyakkyawan sauti mai laushi ba zai yi aiki nan da nan ba, zai ɗauki watanni na shiri.

An daidaita ƙirar don sautunan kai tsaye, ba tare da trills ba, ambaliya. Wasu virtuosos sun daidaita don yin tremolo, amma wannan yana buƙatar ƙwarewa mai girma.

Tsabtataccen sautin, ƙarar sautin kai tsaye ya dogara da ƙarfin isar da iskar. Ana canza sauti ta hanyar matse ramukan da ke jikin.

Fasahar Wasan tana kama da sarewa.