Al'adun gargajiya na gargajiya: al'amuran ado, litattafan kiɗa na Viennese, manyan nau'ikan

A cikin kiɗa, kamar a cikin wani nau'i na fasaha, manufar "classic" yana da abun ciki mara kyau. Komai na dangi ne, kuma duk wani wasan jiya wanda ya tsaya gwajin lokaci - kasancewar su ƙwararrun Bach, Mozart, Chopin, Prokofiev ko, a ce, The Beatles - ana iya rarraba su azaman ayyukan gargajiya.

Bari masoyan tsohuwar waƙa su gafarta mani don kalmar daɗaɗɗen kalmar "buga," amma manyan mawaƙa sun taɓa rubuta shahararriyar kida don mutanen zamaninsu, ba tare da yin nufin dawwama ba.

Menene duk wannan? Zuwa ga wanda, cewa Yana da mahimmanci a ware faffadan ra'ayi na kiɗan gargajiya da na gargajiya a matsayin jagora a fasahar kiɗan.

Zamanin classicism

Classicism, wanda ya maye gurbin Renaissance ta matakai da yawa, ya sami tsari a Faransa a ƙarshen karni na 17, yana nunawa a cikin fasaharta wani bangare mai tsanani na ci gaban daular masarauta, wani ɓangare na canjin ra'ayi na duniya daga addini zuwa na zamani.

A cikin karni na 18, wani sabon zagaye na ci gaba da fahimtar zamantakewa ya fara - zamanin haskakawa ya fara. Girma da girma na Baroque, wanda ya riga ya riga ya zama na gargajiya, an maye gurbinsa da salon da ya dogara da sauƙi da dabi'a.

Ka'idodin kyawawan dabi'u na classicism

The art na classicism dogara ne a kan -. Sunan "classicism" yana hade da asali da kalmar daga harshen Latin - classicus, wanda ke nufin "abin koyi". Kyakkyawan samfurin ga masu fasaha na wannan yanayin shine tsohuwar kayan ado tare da ma'ana da jituwa. A cikin classicism, dalili yana rinjaye a kan ji, ba a maraba da son kai, kuma a cikin kowane yanayi, gabaɗaya, siffofi na rubutu suna samun mahimmanci. Kowane aikin fasaha dole ne a gina shi bisa ga tsauraran canons. Abubuwan da ake buƙata na zamanin classicism shine ma'auni na ma'auni, ban da duk abin da ya fi girma da na biyu.

Classicism yana da alaƙa da tsattsauran rabe cikin. Ayyukan “Maɗaukaki” ayyuka ne waɗanda ke nuni ga batutuwa na da da na addini, waɗanda aka rubuta cikin yare mai ƙaƙƙarfan ( bala’i, waƙa, ode). Kuma nau'ikan "ƙananan" waɗannan ayyuka ne waɗanda aka gabatar a cikin yare kuma suna nuna rayuwar jama'a (tatsuniya, wasan ban dariya). Ba a yarda da haɗa nau'ikan ba.

Classicism a cikin kiɗa - Viennese litattafan gargajiya

Haɓaka sabon al'adun kiɗa a tsakiyar karni na 18 ya haifar da bullar wuraren shakatawa masu zaman kansu da yawa, ƙungiyoyin kiɗa da makaɗa, da gudanar da buɗaɗɗen kide-kide da wasannin opera.

Babban birnin duniyar waƙa a wancan zamani ita ce Vienna. Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart da Ludwig van Beethoven manyan sunaye uku ne da suka shiga tarihi. Viennese classic.

Mawakan makarantar Viennese sun ƙware sosai na nau'ikan kiɗan iri-iri - daga waƙoƙin yau da kullun zuwa wasan kwaikwayo. Babban salon kiɗan, wanda ke tattare da abun ciki mai cike da ƙima a cikin tsari mai sauƙi amma cikakke na fasaha, shine babban fasalin aikin na gargajiya na Viennese.

Al'adun gargajiya na gargajiya, kamar wallafe-wallafe, da kuma fasaha mai kyau, yana ɗaukaka ayyukan mutum, motsin zuciyarsa da jin daɗinsa, wanda dalili ke mulki. Masu fasaha masu ƙirƙira a cikin ayyukansu suna da alaƙa da tunani mai ma'ana, jituwa da bayyananniyar tsari. Sauƙi da sauƙi na maganganun mawaƙa na gargajiya na iya zama kamar banal ga kunnen zamani (a wasu lokuta, ba shakka), idan waƙarsu ba ta da haske sosai.

Kowanne daga cikin litattafan Viennese yana da haske, halaye na musamman. Haydn da Beethoven sun ƙara himma zuwa ga kidan kayan aiki - sonatas, kide kide da wake-wake. Mozart ya kasance duniya a cikin komai - ya halitta da sauƙi a kowane nau'i. Ya yi tasiri sosai a kan ci gaban wasan opera, ƙirƙira da haɓaka nau'ikanta iri-iri - daga opera buffa zuwa wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa.

Dangane da abubuwan da mawaƙa suka fi so na wasu sassa na alama, Haydn ya fi kama da ainihin zane-zane na jama'a, makiyaya, gallantry; Beethoven yana kusa da jarumtaka da wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma falsafar, kuma, ba shakka, yanayi, kuma a ɗan ƙaramin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kalmomi. Mozart ya rufe, watakila, duk abubuwan da suka wanzu.

Salon gargajiya na kiɗa

Al'adun gargajiya na gargajiya suna da alaƙa da ƙirƙirar nau'ikan kiɗan kayan aiki da yawa - irin su sonata, symphony, kide kide. An kafa nau'i mai nau'i mai nau'i mai nau'i na sonata-symphonic (zagaye mai kashi 4), wanda har yanzu shine tushen yawancin ayyukan kayan aiki.

A cikin zamanin classicism, manyan nau'o'in nau'i na ɗakin dakunan sun fito - trios da string quartets. Tsarin siffofin da makarantar Viennese ta ci gaba har yanzu yana da dacewa a yau - "ƙarrrarawa da whistles" na zamani an shimfiɗa shi a matsayin tushe.

Bari mu ɗan yi magana game da sababbin abubuwan da suka shafi classicism.

Tsarin Sonata

Salon sonata ya wanzu a farkon karni na 17, amma a ƙarshe an samar da siffar sonata a cikin ayyukan Haydn da Mozart, kuma Beethoven ya kawo shi ga kamala har ma ya fara karya tsauraran canons na nau'in.

Tsarin sonata na gargajiya yana dogara ne akan adawar jigogi biyu (sau da yawa sabani, wani lokacin rikice-rikice) - babba da sakandare - da ci gaban su.

Tsarin sonata ya ƙunshi manyan sassa 3:

1. sashe na farko - (gudanar da manyan batutuwa),
2. na biyu – (ci gaba da kwatanta batutuwa)
3. da na uku – (wani gyare-gyaren maimaitawa na baje-kolin, wanda yawanci ana samun haɗuwar tonal na jigogi masu adawa da baya).

A matsayinka na mai mulki, na farko, sassa masu sauri na sonata ko sake zagayowar symphonic an rubuta su a cikin nau'in sonata, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aka sanya musu sunan sonata allegro.

Sonata-symphonic sake zagayowar

Dangane da tsari da dabaru na jeri na sassa, symphonies da sonatas sun yi kama da juna, saboda haka sunan gama gari don nau'in kiɗan su na haɗin gwiwa - zagayowar sonata-symphonic.

Wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya kusan koyaushe yana ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi 4:

• I – sashe mai saurin aiki a cikin tsarin sonata allegro na gargajiya;
• II - jinkirin motsi (nasa, a matsayin mai mulkin, ba a tsara shi sosai ba - bambance-bambancen suna yiwuwa a nan, da sassa uku masu rikitarwa ko sauƙi, da rondo sonatas, da jinkirin nau'in sonata);
• III - minuet (wani lokacin scherzo), abin da ake kira motsi nau'in - kusan koyaushe hadaddun sashi uku a cikin tsari;
• IV shine motsi na ƙarshe kuma na ƙarshe na sauri, wanda don haka ana zabar nau'in sonata sau da yawa, wani lokacin rondo ko rondo sonata.

concert

Sunan wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin nau'in ya fito ne daga kalmar Latin concertare - "gasa". Wannan yanki ne don ƙungiyar makaɗa da kayan solo. Concerto na kayan aiki, wanda aka kirkira a cikin Renaissance kuma wanda ya sami babban ci gaba a cikin al'adun kiɗa na Baroque, ya sami nau'in sonata-symphonic a cikin aikin litattafan Viennese.

Ƙungiyar Maɗaukaki

Abubuwan da ke cikin kirtani quartet yawanci ya haɗa da violin biyu, viola da cello. Siffar quartet, kama da zagayowar sonata-symphonic, Haydn ya riga ya ƙaddara. Mozart da Beethoven kuma sun ba da gudummawa sosai tare da share fagen ci gaban wannan nau'in.

Al'adun kiɗa na classicism ya zama nau'in "gidan jariri" don kirtani quartet; a cikin lokuta masu zuwa kuma har zuwa yau, mawaƙa ba su daina rubuta sababbin ayyuka a cikin nau'in wasan kwaikwayo - irin wannan aikin ya zama abin buƙata.

Kiɗa na classicism da ban mamaki ya haɗu da sauƙi na waje da tsabta tare da abun ciki mai zurfi, wanda ba shi da ban mamaki ga jin dadi da wasan kwaikwayo. Classicism, Bugu da ƙari, shine salon wani zamani na tarihi, kuma wannan salon ba a manta ba, amma yana da dangantaka mai tsanani tare da kiɗa na zamaninmu (neoclassicism, polystylists).