Robert Casadesus |

Robert Casadesus

A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, ƙarni da yawa na mawaƙa masu ɗauke da sunan suna Casadesus sun haɓaka ɗaukakar al'adun Faransanci. Labarai har ma da karatu an sadaukar da su ga yawancin wakilan wannan iyali, ana iya samun sunayensu a cikin duk littattafan encyclopedic, a cikin ayyukan tarihi. Akwai, a matsayin mai mulkin, kuma ambaton wanda ya kafa al'adar iyali - dan wasan guitar Catalan Louis Casadesus, wanda ya koma Faransa a tsakiyar karni na karshe, ya auri 'yar Faransanci kuma ya zauna a Paris. Anan, a cikin 1870, an haifi ɗansa na fari Francois Louis, wanda ya sami babban shahara a matsayin mawaki da jagora, mai talla da kiɗa; shi ne darektan daya daga cikin gidajen wasan opera na Paris, kuma wanda ya kafa cibiyar da ake kira American Conservatory a Fontainebleau, inda matasa masu hazaka daga ko'ina cikin teku suka yi karatu. Bayansa, ƴan uwansa sun sami karɓuwa: Henri, fitaccen ɗan wasan viola, mai tallata kiɗan farko (ya kuma yi wasa da kyau a kan viola d'amour), Marius ɗan wasan violin, ɗan wasan violin na wasa da kayan aikin quinton da ba kasafai ba; A lokaci guda a Faransa sun gane ɗan'uwa na uku - mai suna Lucien Casadesus da matarsa ​​- mai kishin pian Rosie Casadesus. Amma ainihin girman kai na iyali da dukan al'adun Faransanci shine, ba shakka, aikin Robert Casadesus, ɗan'uwan mawaƙa uku da aka ambata. A cikin mutuminsa, Faransa da duk duniya sun karrama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ƴan wasan pian na ƙarni namu, wanda ya bayyana mafi kyawu kuma mafi yawan al'amuran makarantar wasan piano na Faransa.

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Daga abin da aka fada a sama, ya bayyana sarai a cikin wane yanayi ne ya mamaye kidan Robert Casadesus ya girma kuma ya girma. Tuni yana da shekaru 13, ya zama dalibi a Paris Conservatory. Nazarin piano (tare da L. Diemaire) da abun da ke ciki (tare da C. Leroux, N. Gallon), shekara guda bayan shigar da shi, ya sami lambar yabo don yin Jigo tare da Bambance-bambance ta G. Fauré, kuma a lokacin da ya kammala karatunsa daga ɗakin karatu. (a cikin 1921) ya kasance mai sauran manyan bambance-bambancen guda biyu. A wannan shekarar, dan wasan pian ya fara rangadinsa na farko a Turai kuma cikin sauri ya yi fice a duniyar pianism. A lokaci guda, an haifi abokantakar Casadesus tare da Maurice Ravel, wanda ya kasance har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwar babban mawaki, da kuma Albert Roussel. Duk wannan ya ba da gudummawa ga farkon samuwar salon sa, ya ba da jagora mai haske da haske ga ci gabansa.

Sau biyu a cikin shekarun kafin yakin - 1929 da 1936 - dan wasan pian na Faransa ya zagaya Tarayyar Soviet, kuma hoton da ya yi na waɗancan shekarun ya sami fa'ida, kodayake ba gabaɗaya kima na masu sukar ba. Ga abin da G. Kogan ya rubuta a lokacin: “Koyaushe aikinsa yana cike da sha’awar bayyanawa da kuma isar da abubuwan da ke cikin waƙar. Nagartarsa ​​mai girma da kyauta ba ta juyar da kanta ba, koyaushe yana biyayya ga ra'ayin fassarar. Amma ƙarfin mutum na Casadesus da sirrin babban nasararsa tare da mu ... ya ta'allaka ne a cikin gaskiyar cewa ka'idodin fasaha, waɗanda suka zama al'adar matattu da sauransu, suna riƙe da shi - idan ba gaba ɗaya ba, to, har zuwa babban matsayi - gaggawar su. sabo da inganci… Ana bambanta Casadesus ta hanyar rashin spontaneity, na yau da kullun da kuma ɗan fayyace ma'ana, wanda ke sanya iyaka ga mahimmin yanayinsa, ƙarin cikakkun bayanai da tsinkayen kiɗan, wanda ke haifar da jinkirin taki (Beethoven) da zuwa m ƙasƙanci na ji na babban nau'i, sau da yawa watse a cikin wani artist a cikin wani adadin aukuwa (Liszt's sonata) ... A kan dukan, a sosai talented artist, wanda, ba shakka, ba ya gabatar da wani sabon abu a cikin Turai hadisai na fassarar pianistic, amma yana cikin mafi kyawun wakilan waɗannan hadisai a halin yanzu.

Bayar da yabo ga Casadesus a matsayin ɗan waƙar waƙa, ƙwararren ƙira da canza launin sauti, baƙon ga duk wani tasiri na waje, jaridun Soviet sun kuma lura da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun pianist zuwa kusanci da kusancin magana. Lalle ne, fassararsa game da ayyukan Romantics - musamman ma idan aka kwatanta da mafi kyau da misalai mafi kusa a gare mu - ba su da ma'auni, wasan kwaikwayo, da sha'awar jaruntaka. Duk da haka, har ma a lokacin an gane shi da kyau a cikin kasarmu da kuma a wasu ƙasashe a matsayin mai fassara mai kyau a wurare biyu - kiɗa na Mozart da Faransanci Impressionists. (Game da wannan, dangane da ainihin ƙa'idodin ƙirƙira, da kuma juyin halitta na fasaha, Casadesus yana da alaƙa da Walter Gieseking.)

Abin da aka faɗa bai kamata a ɗauka da nufin cewa Debussy, Ravel da Mozart sun kafa tushe na repertoire na Casadesus ba. Akasin haka, wannan waƙar tana da girma da gaske - daga Bach da mawaƙa zuwa mawallafa na zamani, kuma a cikin shekaru da yawa iyakokinsa sun ƙara haɓaka. Kuma a lokaci guda, yanayin fasahar mawaƙin ya canza sosai kuma da gaske, haka ma, mawaƙa da yawa - na gargajiya da na soyayya - sannu a hankali sun buɗe masa da masu sauraronsa duk sabbin fuskoki. An ji wannan juyin halitta musamman a cikin shekaru 10-15 na ƙarshe na ayyukan kide-kide, wanda bai tsaya ba har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa. A cikin shekaru, ba kawai hikimar rayuwa ta zo ba, har ma da haɓakar ji, wanda ya canza yanayin pianism. Wasan mawaƙin ya zama ƙarami, mai tsauri, amma a lokaci guda ƙwaƙƙwaran sauti, haske, wani lokaci mafi ban mamaki - matsakaicin lokaci ana maye gurbinsu ba zato ba tsammani da guguwa, ana fallasa bambance-bambance. Wannan ya bayyana kansa ko da a cikin Haydn da Mozart, amma musamman a cikin fassarar Beethoven, Schumann, Brahms, Liszt, Chopin. Ana ganin wannan juyin halitta a fili a cikin rikodi na hudu daga cikin shahararrun sonatas, Beethoven's First and Fourth Concertos (wanda aka saki kawai a farkon 70s), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Mozart da yawa (tare da D. Sall), wasan kwaikwayo na Liszt, yawancin ayyukan Chopin. (ciki har da Sonatas a cikin ƙananan B), Schumann's Symphonic Etudes.

Ya kamata a jaddada cewa irin waɗannan canje-canje sun faru ne a cikin tsarin ƙaƙƙarfan hali na Casadesus. Sun arzuta fasaharsa, amma ba su sanya ta sabon salo ba. Kamar yadda a baya - kuma har zuwa ƙarshen kwanaki - alamomin pianism na Casadesus sun kasance mai ban mamaki na fasaha na yatsa, ladabi, alheri, ikon yin mafi wuyar sassa da kayan ado tare da cikakkiyar daidaito, amma a lokaci guda na roba da juriya. ba tare da juya rhythmic evenness zuwa monotonous moto. Kuma mafi yawan duka - sanannen "jeu de perle" (a zahiri - "wasan bead"), wanda ya zama nau'in ma'anar ma'anar piano na Faransanci. Kamar wasu 'yan kaɗan, ya sami damar ba da rayuwa da iri-iri zuwa ga alama gaba ɗaya kamanceceniya da jimloli, misali, a cikin Mozart da Beethoven. Duk da haka - babban al'adun sauti, kulawa akai-akai ga "launi" na mutum ɗaya dangane da yanayin kiɗan da ake yi. Abin lura shi ne cewa a wani lokaci ya ba da kide-kide a birnin Paris, inda ya buga ayyukan marubuta daban-daban a kan kayan kida daban-daban - Beethoven a kan Steinway, Schumann a kan Bechstein, Ravel on the Erar, Mozart a kan Pleyel - don haka yana ƙoƙarin ganowa. ga kowane madaidaicin "sauti daidai".

Duk abin da ke sama ya sa ya yiwu a fahimci dalilin da yasa wasan Casadesus ya kasance baƙo ga kowane tilastawa, rashin kunya, rashin tausayi, duk wani nau'i na gine-gine, don haka mai lalata a cikin kiɗa na Impressionists kuma yana da haɗari a cikin kiɗan soyayya. Ko da a cikin mafi kyawun zanen sauti na Debussy da Ravel, fassararsa ta fito fili ta bayyana ginin gabaɗaya, ya kasance mai cike da jini da daidaituwa cikin ma'ana. Don tabbatar da wannan, ya isa ya saurari wasan kwaikwayon Ravel's Concerto don hannun hagu ko preludes Debussy, wanda aka adana a cikin rikodin.

Mozart da Haydn a cikin shekarun baya na Casadesus sun yi kama da ƙarfi da sauƙi, tare da virtuoso ikon yinsa; saurin lokaci bai tsoma baki tare da bambancin jimla da farin ciki ba. Irin waɗannan litattafan sun riga sun kasance ba kawai masu kyan gani ba, har ma da mutuntaka, ƙarfin hali, wahayi, "mantawa game da al'adun kotu." Fassararsa na kiɗan Beethoven ya jawo hankalin jituwa, cikakkiya, kuma a cikin Schumann da Chopin ɗan wasan pian wani lokaci yakan bambanta ta hanyar haɓakar soyayya ta gaske. Dangane da ma'anar tsari da dabaru na ci gaba, wannan yana tabbatar da tabbatacce ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na Brahms, wanda kuma ya zama ginshiƙan tarihin mawaƙin. "Wani, watakila, zai yi jayayya," in ji mai sukar, "cewa Casadesus ya kasance mai tsananin zuciya kuma yana ba da damar tunani don tsoratar da ji a nan. Amma yanayin tafsirinsa na gargajiya, da tsayin daka na ci gaba mai ban mamaki, ba tare da wani almubazzaranci na tunani ko salo ba, fiye da rama wa waɗancan lokacin da ake tura waƙa a bango ta hanyar ƙididdigewa. Kuma an faɗi wannan game da Concerto na Biyu na Brahms, inda, kamar yadda aka sani, duk wani waƙa da mafi girman pathos ba za su iya maye gurbin ma'anar tsari da ra'ayi mai ban mamaki ba, ba tare da wanda aikin wannan aikin ba makawa ya zama gwaji mai ban tsoro. ga masu sauraro da cikakken fiasco ga mai zane!

Amma duk da haka, da music Mozart da Faransa composers (ba kawai Debussy da Ravel, amma kuma Fauré, Saint-Saens, Chabrier) mafi sau da yawa ya zama kololuwa na art nasarori. Da hazaka mai ban al'ajabi da hazaka, ya sake haifar da ɗimbin arziƙinta da yanayi iri-iri, ruhinta. Ba abin mamaki bane Casadesus shine farkon wanda ya sami darajar rikodin duk ayyukan piano na Debussy da Ravel akan rikodin. “Wadan Faransa ba su da jakada mafi kyau fiye da shi,” in ji masanin kiɗan Serge Berthomier.

Ayyukan Robert Casadesus har zuwa ƙarshen kwanakinsa ya kasance mai tsanani sosai. Ba wai kawai ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwallo ne kuma malami ba, amma kuma ƙwararren ƙwararren mawaƙi ne kuma a cewar masana, har yanzu ba a ƙima ba. Ya rubuta da yawa piano abun da ke ciki, sau da yawa marubucin yi, kazalika da shida symphonies, da dama instrumental concertos (ga violin, cello, daya, biyu da uku pianos tare da makada), jam'iyya ensembles, romances. Tun 1935 - tun da ya halarta a karon a Amurka - Casadesus yi aiki a layi daya a Turai da kuma Amurka. A cikin 1940-1946 ya zauna a Amurka, inda ya kafa dangantakar kirkire-kirkire musamman tare da George Sall da kungiyar kade-kade ta Cleveland da ya jagoranta; Daga baya an yi mafi kyawun rikodin Casadesus tare da wannan rukunin. A cikin shekarun yaki, mai zane ya kafa Makarantar Piano ta Faransa a Cleveland, inda ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun a Cleveland suka yi karatu. Don tunawa da cancantar Casadesus a cikin haɓaka fasahar piano a Amurka, an kafa ƙungiyar R. Casadesus a Cleveland a lokacin rayuwarsa, kuma tun 1975 an gudanar da gasar piano ta duniya da aka sanya wa sunansa.

A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, yana zaune a Paris, yanzu a Amurka, ya ci gaba da koyar da ajin piano a Cibiyar Conservatory na Fontainebleau ta Amurka, wanda kakansa ya kafa, kuma tsawon shekaru da yawa yana darekta. Sau da yawa Casadesus ya yi a cikin kide kide da wake-wake kuma a matsayin ɗan wasa; Abokan aikinsa na yau da kullun su ne dan wasan violin Zino Francescatti da matarsa, ƙwararren ɗan wasan piano Gaby Casadesus, wanda ya yi wasan piano da yawa tare da shi, da kuma nasa na wasan piano biyu. Wani lokaci suna tare da ɗansu da ɗalibi Jean, ɗan wasan pian mai ban sha’awa, wanda a cikinsa suka ga wanda ya cancanci ya gaji dangin kaɗe-kaɗe na Casadesus. Jean Casadesus (1927-1972) ya riga ya shahara a matsayin mai kyan gani, wanda ake kira "Giels na gaba". Ya jagoranci wani babban wasan kide-kide mai zaman kansa kuma ya jagoranci ajinsa na piano a dakin ajiyar kaya guda da mahaifinsa, lokacin da wani mummunan hatsarin mota ya yi masa ya yanke aikinsa kuma ya hana shi yin irin wannan bege. Ta haka aka katse daular kiɗa na Kazadezyus.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.