Benjamin Britten |

Benjamin Britan

Ayyukan B. Britten ya nuna alamar farfadowar opera a Ingila, wani sabon (bayan ƙarni uku na shiru) shigar da kiɗan Ingilishi zuwa matakin duniya. Dangane da al'adar ƙasa da kuma ƙware mafi fa'ida na hanyoyin bayyanawa na zamani, Britten ya ƙirƙiri ayyuka da yawa a kowane nau'i.

Britten ya fara yin waƙa tun yana ɗan shekara takwas. Yana da shekaru 12 ya rubuta "Simple Symphony" don mawaƙan kirtani (bugu na biyu - 2). A 1934, Britten ya shiga Royal College of Music (Conservatory), inda shugabanninsa J. Ireland (composition) da A. Benjamin (piano). A cikin 1929, an yi wasan kwaikwayo na Sinfonietta mai shekaru goma sha tara, wanda ya ja hankalin jama'a. Bayan haka kuma an gudanar da ayyuka da dama da aka sanya a cikin shirye-shiryen bukukuwan kida na kasa da kasa da kuma kafa harsashin shaharar marubucin Turawa. Wadannan abubuwan farko na Britten sun kasance suna da sautin ɗakin gida, tsabta da kuma taƙaitaccen tsari, wanda ya kawo mawallafin Ingilishi kusa da wakilan jagorancin neoclassical (I. Stravinsky, P. Hindemith). A cikin 1933s. Britten ya rubuta kida da yawa don wasan kwaikwayo da silima. Tare da wannan, ana ba da kulawa ta musamman ga nau'ikan sauti na ɗakin, inda salon wasan operas na gaba zai girma a hankali. Jigogi, launuka, da zaɓin rubutu sun bambanta da yawa: Kakanninmu Mafarauta ne (30) wani saƙo ne na ba'a ga manyan mutane; sake zagayowar "Haske" akan ayoyin A. Rimbaud (1936) da "Bakwai Sonnets na Michelangelo" (1939). Britten yana nazarin kiɗan jama'a sosai, yana sarrafa waƙoƙin Ingilishi, Scotland, Faransanci.

A cikin 1939, a farkon yakin, Britten ya tafi Amurka, inda ya shiga cikin da'irar masu fasaha na ci gaba. A matsayin mayar da martani ga mugayen abubuwan da suka faru a nahiyar Turai, cantata Ballad of Heroes (1939) ya tashi, wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga mayakan fasikanci a Spain. Marigayi 30s - farkon 40s. kidan kayan aiki ya mamaye aikin Britten: a wannan lokacin, an ƙirƙiri wasan kwaikwayo na piano da violin, Symphony Requiem, “Carnival Canada” don ƙungiyar makaɗa, “Scottish Ballad” na pianos biyu da ƙungiyar makaɗa, 2 quartets, da sauransu. Kamar I. Stravinsky, Britten kyauta yana amfani da kayan tarihi na baya: wannan shine yadda suites daga kiɗan G. Rossini ("Musical Maraice" da "Musical Mornings") suka taso.

A cikin 1942, mawaƙin ya koma ƙasarsa kuma ya zauna a garin Aldborough da ke bakin teku, a gabar tekun kudu maso gabashin Ingila. Duk da yake har yanzu a Amurka, ya sami odar wasan opera Peter Grimes, wanda ya kammala a 1945. Shirye-shiryen wasan opera na farko na Britten yana da mahimmanci musamman: ya nuna farfaɗo da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa, wanda bai samar da ƙwararrun ƙwararru ba tun lokacin lokacin Purcell. Mummunan labarin mai kamun kifi Peter Grimes, wanda kaddara ke binsa (makircin J. Crabbe), ya zaburar da mawaƙin don ƙirƙirar wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa tare da sauti na zamani, mai faɗakarwa. Faɗin al'adun da Britten ke bi ya sa waƙar opera ɗinsa ta bambanta da ƙarfi ta fuskar salo. Ƙirƙirar hotuna na rashin bege, rashin bege, mawallafin ya dogara da salon G. Mahler, A. Berg, D. Shostakovich. Ƙwarewar bambance-bambance masu ban mamaki, gabatarwa na gaskiya na al'amuran ɗimbin yawa yana sa mutum ya tuna G. Verdi. A mai ladabi pictorialism, da colorfulness na ƙungiyar makada a cikin seascapes koma impressionism na C. Debussy. Duk da haka, duk wannan yana haɗuwa da ainihin mawallafin innation, ma'anar takamaiman launi na tsibirin Biritaniya.

Peter Grimes ya biyo bayan wasan operas na chamber: The Desecration of Lucretia (1946), satire Albert Herring (1947) akan makircin H. Maupassant. Opera ya ci gaba da jan hankalin Britten har zuwa ƙarshen kwanakinsa. A cikin 50-60s. Billy Budd (1951), Gloriana (1953), Juyawa na dunƙule (1954), Jirgin Nuhu (1958), Mafarkin Dare na Tsakanin Summer (1960, dangane da wasan ban dariya na W. Shakespeare), opera jam'iyya ta bayyana The Carlew River ( 1964), opera The Prodigal Son (1968), sadaukar da Shostakovich, da Mutuwa a Venice (1970, bayan T. Mann).

An san Britten a ko'ina a matsayin mawaki mai haskakawa. Kamar S. Prokofiev da K. Orff, ya haifar da kiɗa mai yawa ga yara da matasa. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗan sa mu yi Opera (1948), masu sauraro suna da hannu kai tsaye a cikin tsarin wasan kwaikwayo. "Bambance-bambance da Fugue a kan Jigo na Purcell" an rubuta shi a matsayin "jagora ga ƙungiyar makaɗa don matasa", gabatar da masu sauraro ga timbres na kayan aiki daban-daban. Don aikin Purcell, da kuma tsohuwar kiɗan Ingilishi gabaɗaya, Britten ya juya akai-akai. Ya gyara wasan opera dinsa mai suna “Dido da Aeneas” da sauran ayyuka, da kuma sabon sigar “Opera na Maroka” na J. Gay da J. Pepusch.

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan jigogi na aikin Britten - zanga-zangar adawa da tashin hankali, yaki, tabbatar da darajar duniya mai rauni da rashin tsaro - ya karbi mafi girman magana a cikin "War Requiem" (1961), inda, tare da rubutun gargajiya na al'ada. hidimar Katolika, W. Auden wakokin yaƙi da yaƙi ana amfani da su.

Baya ga yin waƙa, Britten ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan piano da madugu, yana yawon buɗe ido a ƙasashe daban-daban. Ya ziyarci USSR akai-akai (1963, 1964, 1971). Sakamakon daya daga cikin tafiye-tafiyen da ya yi zuwa Rasha shi ne zagayowar wakoki zuwa kalmomin A. Pushkin (1965) da kuma na uku Cello Suite (1971), wanda ke amfani da wakokin gargajiya na Rasha. Tare da farfado da wasan opera na Ingilishi, Britten ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ƙirƙira nau'in a cikin ƙarni na XNUMX. “Burin da nake so shi ne in ƙirƙiro nau'in wasan opera wanda zai yi daidai da wasan kwaikwayo na Chekhov… Ina ɗaukar wasan opera mai sassaucin ra'ayi don bayyana abubuwan da ke ciki. Yana ba da damar mayar da hankali kan ilimin halin ɗan adam. Amma wannan shi ne ainihin abin da ya zama babban jigon fasahar ci gaba na zamani. "

K. Zankin