Gian Carlo Menotti |

Gian Carlo Menotti

Ayyukan G. Menotti na ɗaya daga cikin fitattun al'amura a cikin wasan opera na Amurka na shekarun bayan yaƙi. Ba za a iya kiran wannan mawakin mai gano sababbin duniyoyin kiɗa ba, ƙarfinsa yana cikin ikon jin abin da ake bukata wannan ko wannan makirci ya yi don kiɗa kuma, watakila mafi mahimmanci, yadda mutane za su gane wannan kiɗa. Menotti ya kware a fasahar wasan opera gabaɗaya: koyaushe yana rubuta libretto na operas ɗinsa, sau da yawa yakan tsara su a matsayin darekta kuma yana jagorantar wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin ƙwararren shugaba.

An haifi Menotti a Italiya (shi dan kasar Italiya ne). Mahaifinsa hamshakin dan kasuwa ne, mahaifiyarsa kuwa mai son piano ce. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 10, yaron ya rubuta wasan opera, kuma yana da shekaru 12 ya shiga cikin Conservatory Milan (inda ya yi karatu daga 1923 zuwa 1927). Ci gaban rayuwar Menotti (tun 1928) yana da alaƙa da Amurka, kodayake mawaki ya riƙe ɗan ƙasar Italiya na dogon lokaci.

Daga shekara ta 1928 zuwa 1933 ya inganta fasahar hada kayan sa karkashin jagorancin R. Scalero a Cibiyar Kida ta Curtis a Philadelphia. A cikin bangonta, abota ta kud da kud ta ɓullo da S. Barber, daga baya fitaccen mawakin Amurka (Menotti zai zama marubucin libretto na ɗaya daga cikin operas na Barber). Sau da yawa, a lokacin bukukuwan bazara, abokai sun yi tafiya tare zuwa Turai, suna ziyartar gidajen opera a Vienna da Italiya. A cikin 1941, Menotti ya sake zuwa Cibiyar Curtis - yanzu a matsayin malami na tsarawa da fasahar wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa. Haɗin kai tare da rayuwar kiɗa na Italiya ba a katse shi ba, inda Menotti a 1958 ya shirya "Biki na Duniya Biyu" (a Spoleto) don mawaƙa na Amurka da Italiyanci.

Menotti a matsayin mawaki ya fara halarta a 1936 tare da opera Amelia Goes to Ball. An fara rubuta shi a cikin nau'in wasan opera na Italiyanci na buffa sannan aka fassara shi zuwa Turanci. Nasarar halarta ta farko ta haifar da wata hukumar, wannan lokacin daga NBC, don wasan opera na rediyo The Old Maid and the Thief (1938). Da ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mawaƙin opera tare da makircin shirin labari mai ban sha'awa, nan da nan Menotti ya juya zuwa jigogi masu ban mamaki. Gaskiya ne, ƙoƙarinsa na farko na irin wannan (opera The God of the Island, 1942) bai yi nasara ba. Amma riga a cikin 1946, opera- bala'i Medium bayyana ('yan shekaru daga baya an yi fim da kuma lashe lambar yabo a Cannes Film Festival).

Kuma a ƙarshe, a cikin 1950, mafi kyawun aikin Menotti, wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa The Consul, wasan opera na farko "babban", ya ga hasken rana. Ayyukansa yana faruwa a zamaninmu a ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen Turai. Rashin ƙarfi, kadaici da rashin tsaro a gaban na'urori masu ƙarfi na ofis suna jagorantar jarumar ta kashe kanta. Tashin hankali na aikin, cikar motsin rai na waƙoƙin waƙa, dangi mai sauƙi da samun damar yin amfani da harshe na kiɗa ya kawo wannan opera kusa da aikin manyan Italiyanci na ƙarshe (G. Verdi, G. Puccini) da mawallafin mawaƙa (R. Leoncavallo). , P. Mascagni). Hakanan ana jin tasirin karatun kiɗan M. Mussorgsky, kuma ƙarar jazz ɗin nan da can na nuni da cewa kiɗan na ƙarni namu ne. The eclecticism na opera (bambancin salon sa) an ɗan daidaita shi ta hanyar kyakkyawar ma'anar gidan wasan kwaikwayo (ko da yaushe yana cikin Menotti) da kuma amfani da tattalin arziki na ma'anar ma'anar: har ma da ƙungiyar makaɗa a cikin operas ɗinsa ana maye gurbinsu da tarin da yawa. kayan aiki. Mafi yawa saboda batun siyasa, Consul ya sami karbuwa mai ban mamaki: yana gudana a Broadway sau 8 a mako, an shirya shi a cikin ƙasashe 20 na duniya (ciki har da Tarayyar Soviet), kuma an fassara shi cikin harsuna 12.

Mawaƙin ya sake juya zuwa bala'i na talakawa a cikin operas The Saint of Bleecker Street (1954) da Maria Golovina (1958).

Ayyukan opera Mutum Mafi Muhimmanci (1971) yana faruwa ne a kudancin Afirka, gwarzonta, matashin masanin kimiyyar Negro, ya mutu a hannun masu wariyar launin fata. Wasan opera Tamu-Tamu (1972), wanda a cikin Indonesiya na nufin baƙi, ya ƙare da mutuwa ta tashin hankali. An rubuta wannan wasan opera ne ta hanyar odar masu shirya taron kasa da kasa na masana kimiyyar dan adam da al'adu.

Duk da haka, jigon ban tausayi bai ƙare aikin Menotti ba. Nan da nan bayan wasan opera "Matsakaici", a cikin 1947, an ƙirƙiri wani fara'a mai ban dariya "Telephone". Wannan wasan opera gajeru ce, inda 'yan wasa uku ne kawai: Shi, Ita da Waya. Gabaɗaya, shirin wasan operas na Menotti ya bambanta da na musamman.

An rubuta teleopera "Amal and the Night Guests" (1951) bisa zanen I. Bosch "The Adoration of the Magi" (al'adar nuni na shekara-shekara a Kirsimeti ya ci gaba). Kiɗa na wannan opera yana da sauƙi don haka ana iya tsara shi don wasan kwaikwayo mai son.

Baya ga wasan opera, babban nau'insa, Menotti ya rubuta ballets 3 (ciki har da wasan ban dariya ballet-madrigal Unicorn, Gorgon da Manticore, waɗanda aka kirkira a cikin ruhun wasan kwaikwayo na Renaissance), Cantata Mutuwar Bishop akan Brindisi (1963), waƙar waƙa. ga makada "Apocalypse" (1951), concertos ga piano (1945), violin (1952) tare da makada da Triple Concerto ga uku masu yin wasan kwaikwayo (1970), jam'iyya ensembles, Bakwai songs on kansa rubutu ga fitaccen singer E. Schwarzkopf. Hankali ga mutum, zuwa waƙar waƙa ta dabi'a, yin amfani da yanayin wasan kwaikwayo na ban mamaki ya ba Menotti damar zama babban wuri a cikin kiɗan Amurka na zamani.

K. Zankin

Abubuwan da aka tsara:

wasan kwaikwayo – Tsohuwar kuyanga da barawo (tsohuwar kuyanga da barawo, ed na farko don rediyo, 1; 1939, Philadelphia), Island God (The Island God, 1941, New York), Matsakaici (Matsakaici, 1942, New York ), Waya (Wayar tarho, New York, 1946), Consul (The Consul, 1947, New York, Pulitzer Ave.), Amal da dare baƙi (Amahl da dare baƙi, teleopera, 1950), Mai Tsarki tare da Bleecker Street ( Saint na Bleecker street, 1951, New York), Maria Golovina (1954, Brussels, International Exhibition), The last sage (The last sage, 1958), television opera Labyrinth (Labyrinth, 1963), Martin's lie (Martin's lie, 1963) , Bath, Ingila), Mutumin da ya fi muhimmanci (Mafi mahimmanci, New York, 1964); ballet - Sebastian (1943), Tafiya cikin maze (Erand cikin maze, 1947, New York), Ballet-madrigal Unicorn, Gorgon da Manticore (The unicorn, da Gorgon da Manticore, 1956, Washington); cantata - Mutuwar bishop na Brindisi (1963); don makada - waka mai ma'ana Apocalypse (Apocalypse, 1951); kide kide da wake-wake - piano (1945), violin (1952); concerto sau uku don masu yin wasan kwaikwayo 3 (1970); Makiyayi na piano da mawaƙan kirtani (1933); dakin kayan aiki ensembles - 4 guda don kirtani. quartet (1936), Trio don bikin gida (Trio don ƙungiyar dumama gidaje; don sarewa, vlch., fp., 1936); don piano - sake zagayowar yara "Little Poems don Maria Rosa" (Poemetti da Maria Rosa).

Rubutun adabi: Ban yi imani da avant-gardism ba, "MF", 1964, No 4, p. 16.