Giovanni Paisiello |

Giovanni Paisiello

G. Paisiello na cikin waɗancan mawakan Italiya ne waɗanda basirarsu ta fito fili a cikin nau'in opera-buffa. Tare da aikin Paisiello da abokansa - B. Galuppi, N. Piccinni, D. Cimarosa - lokacin furanni mai haske na wannan nau'in a rabi na biyu na karni na 1754 an haɗa shi. Ilimin firamare da ƙwarewar kiɗan farko da Paisiello ya samu a kwalejin Jesuits. Yawancin rayuwarsa ya yi amfani da shi a Naples, inda ya yi karatu a San Onofrio Conservatory tare da F. Durante, wani shahararren mawaki na opera, mai ba da shawara na G. Pergolesi da Piccinni (63-XNUMX).

Bayan da ya sami lakabin mataimaki na malami, Paisiello ya koyar a ɗakin karatu, kuma ya ba da lokacinsa na kyauta don tsarawa. A karshen shekarun 1760. Paisiello ya riga ya zama shahararren mawaki a Italiya; operas (mafi yawan buffa) an samu nasarar shirya shi a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Milan, Rome, Venice, Bologna, da dai sauransu, suna saduwa da ɗanɗano mai faɗi mai faɗi, gami da mafi wayewa, jama'a.

Don haka, shahararren marubucin kiɗa na Ingilishi C. Burney (mawallafin shahararren “Tafiya na Kiɗa”) ya yi magana sosai game da wasan opera na buffa “Intrigues of Love” da aka ji a Naples: “… Na ji daɗin kiɗan; yana cike da wuta da fantasy, ritornellos ya cika da sababbin sassa, da sassan murya tare da irin waɗannan waƙoƙi masu kyau da sauƙi waɗanda ake tunawa da su tare da ku bayan sauraron farko ko za a iya yin su a cikin da'irar gida ta hanyar ƙaramin mawaƙa ko da, in babu wani kayan kida, da maƙarƙashiya “.

A shekara ta 1776, Paisiello ya tafi St. Petersburg, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mawaki na kotu na kusan shekaru 10. (An daɗe da kafa al’adar gayyatar mawaƙan Italiyanci a kotun daular; Magabatan Paisiello a St. Petersburg su ne mashahuran maestro B. Galuppi da T. Traetta.) Daga cikin operas masu yawa na lokacin “Petersburg” akwai Bawa-Uwargida. (1781), sabon fassarar makirci, rabin karni da baya amfani da shi a cikin shahararren wasan kwaikwayo na Pergolesi - kakannin nau'in buffa; da kuma The Barber na Seville bisa ga wasan barkwanci na P. Beaumarchais (1782), wanda ya sami babban nasara tare da jama'ar Turai shekaru da yawa. (Lokacin da matashin G. Rossini a shekara ta 1816 ya sake komawa ga wannan batu, mutane da yawa sun ɗauki shi a matsayin babban ƙarfin hali.)

An shirya wasan kwaikwayo na Paisiello a kotu da kuma a cikin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo don ƙarin masu sauraron dimokuradiyya - Bolshoi (Stone) a Kolomna, Maly (Volny) akan Tsaritsyn Meadow (yanzu filin Mars). Ayyukan mawaƙin kotu sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar kiɗan kayan aiki don bukukuwan kotuna da kide-kide: a cikin al'adun gargajiya na Paisiello akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan 24 don kayan aikin iska (wasu suna da sunayen shirye-shiryen - “Diana”, “Noon”, “Sunset”, da dai sauransu), clavier guda, ɗaki ensembles. A cikin kide-kide na addini na St.

Komawa Italiya (1784), Paisiello ya sami matsayi a matsayin mawaki kuma mai kula da kiɗa a kotun Sarkin Naples. A shekara ta 1799, lokacin da sojojin Napoleon tare da goyon bayan 'yan Italiya masu juyin juya hali suka hambarar da mulkin mallaka na Bourbon a Naples kuma suka yi shelar Jamhuriyar Parthenopean, Paisiello ya karbi mukamin darektan kiɗa na kasa. Amma bayan wata shida, an cire mawakin daga mukaminsa. (Jamhuriyar ta fadi, sarki ya koma kan mulki, an tuhumi mai kula da makada da cin amanar kasa - maimakon ya bi sarki zuwa Sicily a lokacin tashin hankali, sai ya koma bangaren 'yan tawaye.)

A halin yanzu, gayyata mai ban sha'awa ta zo daga Paris - don jagorantar ɗakin sujada na Napoleon. A 1802 Paisiello ya isa Paris. Duk da haka, zamansa a Faransa bai daɗe ba. Ba tare da sha'awar jama'a na Faransanci ba (opera seria Proserpina da aka rubuta a Paris da interlude Camillette ba su ci nasara ba), ya koma ƙasarsa a cikin 1803. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, mawaƙin ya rayu a cikin keɓancewa, kaɗaici, tare da tuntuɓar sa kawai. abokai na kusa.

Fiye da shekaru arba'in na aikin Paisiello ya cika da matsanancin ayyuka daban-daban - ya bar fiye da 100 operas, oratorios, cantatas, talakawa, ayyuka masu yawa don ƙungiyar makaɗa (misali, 12 symphonies - 1784) da kuma ƙungiyoyin ɗaki. Babban mashawarcin opera-buffa, Paisiello ya ɗaga wannan nau'in zuwa wani sabon mataki na ci gaba, ya wadatar da fasahohin wasan ban dariya (sau da yawa tare da wani abu na kaifi satire) halayen kide-kide na haruffa, ya ƙarfafa rawar ƙungiyar makaɗa.

Wasan operas na ƙarshe suna bambanta da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan ke bambanta su - daga mafi sauƙi "duets na yarda" zuwa manyan wasannin ƙarshe, waɗanda kiɗan ke nuna duk abubuwan da suka fi rikitarwa na matakin mataki. 'Yanci a cikin zaɓin filaye da tushen wallafe-wallafen ya bambanta aikin Paisiello daga yawancin mutanen zamaninsa waɗanda suka yi aiki a cikin nau'in buffa. Saboda haka, a cikin shahararrun "The Miller" (1788-89) - daya daga cikin mafi kyau comic operas na XVIII karni. – Siffofin fastoci, idylls suna haɗe tare da wayo da satire. (Jigogi daga wannan wasan opera sun kafa tushen bambance-bambancen piano na L. Beethoven.) Hanyoyin gargajiya na opera mai tsanani suna ba'a a cikin The Imaginary Philosopher. Masanin da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba, Paisiello bai yi watsi da ko da Gluck's Orpheus (wasan operas The Deceived Tree da The Imaginary Socrates). Mawaƙin ya kuma sami sha'awar batutuwan gabas masu ban sha'awa waɗanda aka saba da su a wancan lokacin ("Larabci mai ladabi", "Idol na Sinanci"), da "Nina, ko mahaukaci tare da soyayya" yana da halayen wasan kwaikwayo na raɗaɗi. Ka'idodin kirkire-kirkire na Paisiello sun sami karbuwa sosai daga WA ​​Mozart kuma suna da tasiri mai ƙarfi akan G. Rossini. A cikin 1868, a cikin shekarunsa na raguwa, ƙwararren marubucin The Barber of Seville ya rubuta: "A cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Parisi, Paisiello's The Barber an taba gabatar da shi: lu'u-lu'u na karin waƙoƙi da wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kasance babbar nasara kuma wacce ta cancanta.”

I. Okhalova

Abubuwan da aka tsara:

wasan kwaikwayo – Chatterbox (Il сiarlone 1764, Bologna), gunkin Sinanci (L'idolo cinese, 1766, post. 1767, tr “Nuovo”, Naples), Don Quixote (Don Chisciotte della Mancia, 1769, tr “Fiorentini” , Naples), Artaxerxes (1771, Modena), Alexander a Indiya (Alessandro nelle Indie, 1773, ibid.), Andromeda (1774, Milan), Demophon (1775, Venice), Imaginary Socrates (Socrate immaginario, 1775, Naples), Nitteti (1777, St. Petersburg), Achilles a kan Skyros (Achille a Sciro, 1778, ibid.), Alcides a mararraba (Alcide al bivio, 1780, ibid.), Maid-farka (La serva padrona, 1781, Tsarskoye Selo), Seville wanzami. , ko Rigakafin banza (Il barbiere di Siviglia ovvero La precauzione inutile, 1782, St. Petersburg), Lunar duniya (Il mondo della luna, 1783, Kamenny tr, St. Petersburg), King Theodore a Venice (Il re Teodoro a Venezia, 1784, Vienna), Antigonus (Antigono, 1785, Naples), Trophonia's Cave (La grotta di Trofonio, 1785, ibid.), Phaedra (1788, ibid.), Miller's Woman (La molinara, 1789, ibid., asali ed. - Soyayyatare da cikas yami, ko Karamin Matar Miller, L'arnor contrastato o sia La molinara, 1788), Gypsies at the Fair (I zingari in fiera, 1789, ibid.), Nina, ko Mad with Love (Nina o sia La pazza). da amore, 1789, Caserta), Abandoned Dido (Di-done abbandonata, 1794, Naples), Andromache (1797, ibid.), Proserpina (1803, Paris), Pythagoreans (I pittagorici, 1808, Naples) da sauransu; oratorios, cantatas, talakawa, Te Deum; don makada - 12 symphonies (12 sinfonie concertante, 1784) da sauransu; dakin kayan aiki ensembles, в т.ч. wata. великой кн. Марии Фёдоровне Tarin Rondeau daban-daban da capriccios tare da rakiyar Violin don p. fte, wanda aka haɗa kai tsaye don SAI The Grand Duchess na dukan Rasha, и др.