Jigo |

ital. anticipazione, Faransa. da Ingilishi. jira, germ. Antizipation, Vorausnahme

Sauti maras kyau (yawanci gajere, akan bugun sauƙi na ƙarshe), aro daga maƙallan na gaba (a wannan yanayin, P. shine, kamar yadda yake, madubi kishiyar riƙewar da aka shirya, aro daga madaidaicin baya). Abbr. Nadi a cikin misalan kiɗa shine im. Ana iya fahimtar P. azaman ƙuduri na ci gaba (canzawa) na ɗaya daga cikin sautunan cikin daidaitattun sauti na gaba na gaba (don haka, ba sa magana game da "ƙuduri" na P.). P. yawanci monophonic ne, amma kuma yana iya zama polyphonic (biyu, sau uku P.), ko da a cikin duk muryoyin lokaci guda (ƙwaƙwalwar P.; tare da shi babu sauti na lokaci guda na maɗaukaki da sautunan mara sauti).

Wani nau'i na musamman shine tsalle P.; yawancin cambiata (wanda ake kira "fuchsian cambiata") sun fi tsalle P.

Ana samun preforms a tsakiyar zamanai. monody (duba farkon jerin "Sanctus Spiritus" a cikin labarin Notker), da kuma a cikin tsohon polyphony, amma rashin balaga na ma'auni-harmonic. haruffa da wahalar sanarwa ba su ƙyale mu mu yi magana game da P. a matsayin abin da aka kafa gaba daya kafin Renaissance (duba G. de Machaux, 14 ballad "Je ne cuit pas" - "Babu wanda Cupid zai ba da haka. albarka mai yawa”, sanduna 1-2; kuma ya kammala karatun a cikin ballad 8th “De desconfort”). A zamanin Josquin Despres, P. ya ɗauki siffar. Daga karni na 16 P. ana amfani dashi a matsayin mai sauƙi, amma an riga an riga an tsara hanyar polyphonic gaba daya. melodics (kusa da Palestrina). Daga karni na 17 (musamman daga rabi na 2nd.) P. ya sami sabon ingancin bambanci ba kawai ga muryar contrapuntal ba, har ma ga dukan ma'auni (ma'anar zamani na P.). A cikin karni na 20 P. ana amfani dashi sau da yawa kamar sautin gefen don rikitar da jituwa, a tsaye (SS Prokofiev, "Romeo da Juliet", "Montagues da Capulets", ya ƙare da cadence).

A ka'ida, al'amarin P. ya shafi Kr. Bernhard (dalibi na G. Schutz; tsakiyar karni na 17). A cikin babi na 23 ("Von der Anticipatione Notae"), Op. "Tractatus compositionis augmentatus" P. (a karkashin sunan " jira ") ana daukarsa a matsayin "siffa" da ke ƙawata waƙar:

A cikin littafin “Von der Singe-Kunst oder Manier”, Bernhard ya bambanta tsakanin “mafarin bayanin kula” (Anticipatione della nota; duba misalin da ke sama) da kuma “gabatar harafin” (Anticipatione della sillaba; duba misalin da ke ƙasa). ).

JG Walter (farkon karni na 18) kuma yayi la'akari da P. a cikin "lambobi". Anan ga samfurin “tashi mai magana” daga littafinsa “Praecepta…” (an maimaita kalmar “Zabura” a rabi na biyu na mashaya ta farko):

Tare da ci gaban sabuwar ka'idar jituwa (farawa a cikin karni na 18), piano ya shiga rukuni na sautunan da ba su da kyau.

References: gani a Art. sautunan da ba na sauti ba.

Yu. N. Kholopov