Grigory Pavlovich Pyatigorsky |

Gregor Piatigorsky

Grigory Pyatigorsky - ɗan ƙasar Yekaterinoslav (yanzu Dnepropetrovsk). Kamar yadda daga baya ya shaida a cikin tarihinsa, danginsa suna da kuɗi kaɗan, amma ba su yi yunwa ba. Mafi kyawun ra'ayoyin yara a gare shi shi ne yawo da yawa tare da mahaifinsa a kan steppe kusa da Dnieper, yana ziyartar kantin sayar da littattafai na kakansa kuma ya karanta littattafan da aka adana a can, da kuma zama a cikin ginshiki tare da iyayensa, 'yan'uwa da mata a lokacin Yekaterinoslav pogrom. . Mahaifin Gregory ɗan wasan violin ne kuma, a zahiri, ya fara koya wa ɗansa buga violin. Uban bai manta da ba dansa darussan piano ba. Iyalin Pyatigorsky sukan halarci wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa da kide-kide a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gida, kuma a can ne ƙaramin Grisha ya gani kuma ya ji tauraro a karon farko. Ayyukan da ya yi sun yi tasiri sosai a kan yaron cewa ya kamu da rashin lafiya da wannan kayan aiki.

Ya samu itace guda biyu; Na shigar da mafi girma tsakanin kafafuna a matsayin cello, yayin da ƙarami ya kamata ya wakilci baka. Ko da violin nasa ya yi ƙoƙarin sakawa a tsaye don ya zama wani abu kamar cello. Da uban ya ga duk wannan, sai ya sayo ɗan ƙaramin yaro ɗan shekara bakwai, ya gayyaci wani Yampolsky a matsayin malami. Bayan tashi daga Yampolsky darektan na gida music makaranta ya zama malamin Grisha. Yaron ya sami ci gaba sosai, kuma a lokacin rani, lokacin da masu wasan kwaikwayo daga birane daban-daban na Rasha suka zo birnin a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na kade-kade, mahaifinsa ya juya zuwa ga mawallafin mawaƙa na farko na ƙungiyar mawaƙa, dalibi na mashahurin farfesa na Moscow Conservatory Y. Klengel, Mista Kinkulkin tare da buƙatun - don sauraron ɗansa. Kinkulkin ya saurari aikin Grisha na ayyuka da yawa, yana buga yatsunsa a kan teburin kuma yana riƙe da yanayin dutse a fuskarsa. Sa'an nan, da Grisha ya ajiye cello a gefe, ya ce: “Ka ji da kyau, yaro. Ka gaya wa mahaifinka cewa ina ba ka shawara sosai da ka zaɓi sana'ar da ta fi dacewa da kai. Ajiye cello gefe. Ba ku da ikon yin wasa da shi.” Da farko, Grisha ya yi farin ciki: za ku iya kawar da motsa jiki na yau da kullum kuma ku ciyar da karin lokaci a wasan kwallon kafa tare da abokai. Amma bayan mako guda, sai ya fara duban buguwa ta hanyar cello da ke tsaye a kusurwa. Uban ya lura da haka sai ya umarci yaron ya ci gaba da karatunsa.

'Yan kalmomi game da mahaifin Grigory, Pavel Pyatigorsky. A cikin ƙuruciyarsa, ya shawo kan matsalolin da yawa don shiga cikin Conservatory na Moscow, inda ya zama dalibi na shahararren wanda ya kafa makarantar violin na Rasha, Leopold Auer. Bulus ya yi tsayayya da muradin ubansa, kakan Gregory, na mai da shi mai sayar da littattafai (mahaifin Bulus har ma ya gaji ɗansa mai tawaye). Don haka Grigory ya gaji sha'awar kayan kirtani da tsayin daka a cikin sha'awar zama mawaki daga mahaifinsa.

Grigory da mahaifinsa ya tafi Moscow, inda matashi ya shiga cikin Conservatory kuma ya zama dalibi na Gubarev, sa'an nan von Glenn (na karshen shi ne dalibi na shahararrun cellists Karl Davydov da Brandukov). Halin kuɗi na iyali bai yarda da tallafawa Gregory ba (ko da yake, ganin nasararsa, Daraktan Conservatory ya sake shi daga kudaden karatun). Saboda haka, yaron mai shekaru goma sha biyu ya sami karin kuɗi a cikin cafes na Moscow, yana wasa a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Af, a lokaci guda, har ma ya iya aika kudi ga iyayensa a Yekaterinoslav. A lokacin rani, ƙungiyar makaɗa tare da haɗin gwiwar Grisha sun yi tafiya a waje da Moscow kuma sun zagaya larduna. Amma a cikin kaka, dole ne a koma karatu; Bayan haka, Grisha kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare a Conservatory.

Ko ta yaya, shahararren ɗan wasan pianist kuma mawaƙi Farfesa Keneman ya gayyaci Grigory don shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na FI Chaliapin (Grigory ya kamata ya yi lambobi na solo tsakanin wasan kwaikwayon Chaliapin). Grisha maras kwarewa, yana so ya sha'awar masu sauraro, ya taka rawa sosai kuma a bayyane cewa masu sauraro sun bukaci wani nau'i na cello solo, wanda ya fusata sanannen mawaƙa, wanda bayyanarsa a kan mataki ya jinkirta.

Lokacin da juyin juya halin Oktoba ya barke, Gregory yana da shekaru 14 kacal. Ya halarci gasar matsayin soloist na Bolshoi Theater Orchestra. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Concerto na Cello da Orchestra na Dvorak, alkalai, karkashin jagorancin babban darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo V. Suk, ya gayyaci Grigory don ya ɗauki mukamin mawallafin cello na Bolshoi Theater. Kuma nan da nan Gregory ya ƙware da mafi hadaddun repertoire na gidan wasan kwaikwayo, buga solo sassa a ballets da operas.

A lokaci guda, Grigory ya karbi katin abinci na yara! Mawakan soloists na ƙungiyar mawaƙa, kuma daga cikinsu Grigory, sun shirya ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka fita tare da kide-kide. Grigory da abokan aikinsa sun yi a gaban masu haskaka gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Art: Stanislavsky, Nemirovich-Danchenko, Kachalov da Moskvin; sun halarci gauraye kide-kide inda Mayakovsky da Yesenin suka yi. Tare da Isai Dobrovein da Fishberg-Mishakov, ya yi a matsayin uku; Ya faru da wasa a duets tare da Igumnov, Goldenweiser. Ya halarci wasan farko na Rasha na Ravel Trio. Ba da da ewa ba, matashin, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin cello, ba a gane shi a matsayin wani nau'i na yara ba: ya kasance cikakken memba na ƙungiyar fasaha. Sa’ad da madugu Gregor Fitelberg ya zo don wasan farko na Richard Strauss na Don Quixote a Rasha, ya ce waƙar cello a cikin wannan aikin yana da wahala sosai, don haka ya gayyaci Mista Giskin na musamman.

Grigory cikin ladabi ya ba wa ɗan soloist ɗin da aka gayyata hanya kuma ya zauna a na'urar wasan bidiyo ta cello ta biyu. Amma sai kwatsam mawakan suka yi zanga-zanga. "The cellist na iya taka wannan bangare kamar yadda kowa da kowa!" suka ce. Grigory ya zauna a wurinsa na asali kuma ya yi solo ta yadda Fitelberg ya rungume shi, kuma ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta buga gawa!

Bayan wani lokaci, Grigory ya zama memba na string quartet wanda Lev Zeitlin ya shirya, wanda wasan kwaikwayon ya kasance sanannen nasara. Kwamishinan Ilimi na Jama'a Lunacharsky ya ba da shawarar cewa a sanya wa rukunin hudu suna Lenin. "Me yasa Beethoven ba?" Gregory ya tambaya cikin damuwa. Ayyukan quartet sun yi nasara sosai har aka gayyace shi zuwa Kremlin: ya zama dole don yin Grieg's Quartet don Lenin. Bayan kammala wasan kwaikwayo, Lenin ya gode wa mahalarta kuma ya nemi Grigory ya dade.

Lenin ya tambayi ko cello yana da kyau, kuma ya sami amsar - "so-so." Ya lura cewa kayan aiki masu kyau suna hannun masu son masu arziki kuma yakamata su shiga hannun waɗancan mawakan da dukiyarsu ta ta'allaka ne kawai a cikin iyawarsu… "Shin gaskiya ne," in ji Lenin, cewa kun yi zanga-zangar a taron game da sunan. kwata? .. Ni ma, na yi imani cewa sunan Beethoven zai dace da quartet fiye da sunan Lenin. Beethoven wani abu ne na har abada. ”…

Tarin, duk da haka, an sanya masa suna "First State String Quartet".

Duk da haka fahimtar bukatar yin aiki tare da gogaggen mashawarci, Grigory ya fara daukar darussa daga sanannen maestro Brandukov. Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba ya gane cewa darussa masu zaman kansu ba su isa ba - ya sha'awar yin karatu a ɗakin ajiya. Tsanani karatun kiɗa a wancan lokacin ya yiwu ne kawai a waje da Tarayyar Soviet: yawancin furofesoshi da malamai sun bar ƙasar. Duk da haka, da jama'a Commissar Lunacharsky ya ƙi bukatar da za a ba da izinin tafiya kasashen waje: Kwamishinan Ilimi na Jama'a ya yi imanin cewa Grigory, a matsayin mai soloist na ƙungiyar mawaƙa da kuma memba na quartet, ya kasance ba makawa. Kuma a lokacin rani na 1921, Grigory shiga kungiyar soloists na Bolshoi Theater, wanda ya tafi a kan wani concert yawon shakatawa na Ukraine. Sun yi wasa a Kyiv, sannan suka ba da kide-kide da dama a kananan garuruwa. A Volochisk, kusa da iyakar Poland, sun shiga tattaunawa da masu fasa kwauri, wadanda suka nuna musu hanyar da za su bi ta kan iyaka. Da daddare, mawaƙan suka je wata ƙaramar gada da ke ƙetare Kogin Zbruch, kuma jagororin suka umarce su: “Ku gudu.” Lokacin da aka yi harbin gargadi daga bangarorin biyu na gadar, Grigory, rike da cello a kansa, ya yi tsalle daga gadar zuwa cikin kogin. Ya bi shi da violinist Mishakov da sauransu. Kogin yana da nisa sosai wanda ba da daɗewa ba ’yan gudun hijirar suka isa yankin Poland. "To, mun ketare iyaka," in ji Mishakov, cikin rawar jiki. "Ba kawai," Gregory ya ƙi, "mun kona gadoji har abada."

Bayan shekaru da yawa, lokacin da Piatigorsky ya isa Amurka don yin kade-kade, ya gaya wa manema labarai game da rayuwarsa a Rasha da kuma yadda ya bar Rasha. Bayan ya haɗu da bayanai game da ƙuruciyarsa a kan Dnieper da kuma game da tsalle a cikin kogin a kan iyakar Poland, ɗan jaridar ya bayyana sanannen Grigory's cello iyo a fadin Dnieper. Na sanya taken labarinsa ya zama taken wannan littafin.

Ƙarin abubuwan da suka faru sun faru ba kaɗan ba. Masu gadin iyakar Poland sun ɗauka cewa mawaƙan da suka ƙetare kan iyakar wakilai ne na GPU kuma suna buƙatar su yi wani abu. Masu hijira masu jika sun yi "Kyakkyawan Rosemary" na Kreisler (maimakon gabatar da takaddun da masu wasan kwaikwayo ba su da shi). Sa'an nan aka aika da su zuwa ofishin kwamandan, amma a kan hanya suka yi nasarar guje wa masu gadi kuma suka shiga jirgin kasa zuwa Lvov. Daga nan Gregory ya tafi Warsaw, inda ya sadu da madugu Fitelberg, wanda ya sadu da Pyatigorsky a lokacin wasan farko na Strauss Don Quixote a Moscow. Bayan haka, Grigory ya zama mataimakin cello rakiya a cikin Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra. Ba da da ewa ya koma Jamus kuma a karshe ya cimma burinsa: ya fara karatu tare da shahararrun furofesoshi Becker da Klengel a Leipzig da kuma Berlin conservatories. Amma kash, yana jin cewa ko ɗaya ko ɗayan ba zai iya koya masa wani abu mai amfani ba. Domin ya ciyar da kansa kuma ya biya kuɗin karatunsa, ya shiga cikin kayan aiki guda uku wanda ke wasa a wani cafe na Rasha a Berlin. Wannan cafe sau da yawa ya ziyarci da artists, musamman, sanannen cellist Emmanuil Feuerman da kuma ba kasa da shahara shugaba Wilhelm Furtwängler. Bayan jin wasan Pyatigorsky, Furtwängler, bisa shawarar Feuerman, ya ba Grigory mukamin mawallafin cello a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa Philharmonic ta Berlin. Gregory ya yarda, kuma hakan ne ƙarshen karatunsa.

Sau da yawa, Gregory ya yi a matsayin soloist, tare da Philharmonic Orchestra. Da zarar ya yi sashe na solo a Don Quixote a gaban marubucin, Richard Strauss, kuma na ƙarshe ya bayyana a fili cewa: “A ƙarshe, na ji Don Quixote ta yadda na yi niyya!”

Bayan ya yi aiki a Berlin Philharmonic har zuwa 1929, Gregory ya yanke shawarar barin aikinsa na ƙungiyar makaɗa don neman aikin solo. A wannan shekara ya yi tafiya zuwa Amurka a karon farko kuma ya yi tare da kungiyar kade-kade ta Philadelphia, wanda Leopold Stokowski ya jagoranta. Ya kuma yi solo tare da New York Philharmonic karkashin Willem Mengelberg. Wasannin Pyatigorsky a Turai da Amurka sun kasance babban nasara. Masu sha'awar da suka gayyace shi sun yaba da saurin da Grigory ya shirya masa sababbin abubuwa. Tare da ayyukan litattafan gargajiya, Pyatigorsky da yardar rai ya ɗauki aikin opuses ta mawaƙa na zamani. Akwai lokuta lokacin da mawallafa suka ba shi danye, da sauri ya gama ayyukan (masu tsarawa, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna karɓar oda ta wani kwanan wata, ana ƙara abun da ke ciki a wasu lokuta kafin wasan kwaikwayon, yayin karatun), kuma dole ne ya yi solo. sashin cello bisa ga maƙiyan ƙungiyar makaɗa. Don haka, a cikin Castelnuovo-Tedesco cello concerto (1935), an tsara sassan ba tare da kula da su ba, ta yadda wani muhimmin sashi na maimaitawa ya ƙunshi daidaitarsu ta masu yin wasan kwaikwayo da gabatar da gyare-gyare a cikin bayanin kula. Jagoran - kuma wannan shine babban Toscanini - bai gamsu sosai ba.

Gregory ya nuna matukar sha'awar ayyukan marubutan da aka manta ko kuma ba su isa ba. Don haka, ya ba da hanya don wasan kwaikwayon "Schelomo" na Bloch ta hanyar gabatar da shi ga jama'a a karon farko (tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa Philharmonic ta Berlin). Shi ne farkon mai yin ayyuka da yawa ta Webern, Hindemith (1941), Walton (1957). Domin godiya da tallafin wakokin zamani, da yawa daga cikinsu sun sadaukar da ayyukansu gare shi. Lokacin da Piatigorsky ya zama abokai tare da Prokofiev, wanda yake zaune a kasashen waje a lokacin, na karshen ya rubuta masa Cello Concerto (1933), wanda Grigory ya yi tare da Boston Philharmonic Orchestra gudanar Sergei Koussevitzky (kuma dan kasar Rasha). Bayan wasan kwaikwayon, Pyatigorsky ya kusantar da mawaƙin zuwa wasu roughness a cikin cello part, a fili alaka da cewa Prokofiev bai san da damar da wannan kayan aiki sosai. Mawaƙin ya yi alkawarin yin gyare-gyare da kuma kammala sashin solo na cello, amma a cikin Rasha, tun lokacin da zai koma ƙasarsa. A cikin Union Prokofiev gaba daya bita da Concerto, juya shi a cikin Concert Symphony, opus 125. Marubucin ya sadaukar da wannan aiki ga Mstislav Rostropovich.

Pyatigorsky ya tambayi Igor Stravinsky don shirya masa wani ɗakin kwana a kan taken "Petrushka", kuma wannan aikin da maigidan ya yi, mai suna "Italian Suite for Cello da Piano", an sadaukar da shi ga Pyatigorsky.

Ta hanyar ƙoƙarin Grigory Pyatigorsky, an ƙirƙira ɗakin taro tare da halartar manyan masters: pianist Arthur Rubinstein, ɗan wasan violin Yasha Heifetz da violist William Primroz. Wannan kwata-kwata ya shahara sosai kuma an yi rikodin kusan rikodin dogon wasa 30. Piatigorsky kuma yana son kunna kiɗa a matsayin wani ɓangare na "gida uku" tare da tsoffin abokansa a Jamus: ɗan pianist Vladimir Horowitz da ɗan wasan violin Nathan Milstein.

A cikin 1942, Pyatigorsky ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka (kafin haka, an ɗauke shi ɗan gudun hijira daga Rasha kuma ya rayu akan fasfo ɗin nan da ake kira Nansen, wanda wani lokaci ya haifar da rashin jin daɗi, musamman lokacin ƙaura daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa).

A 1947, Piatigorsky taka leda a cikin fim "Carnegie Hall". A kan mataki na sanannen gidan wasan kwaikwayo, ya yi "Swan" na Saint-Saens, tare da garayu. Ya tuna cewa kafin yin rikodin wannan yanki ya haɗa da wasan nasa tare da rakiyar mawaƙa guda ɗaya kawai. A kan shirin fim ɗin, marubutan fim ɗin sun sanya mawaƙa kusan goma sha biyu a kan dandalin bayan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, waɗanda ake zargin sun yi wasa tare…

Kalmomi kaɗan game da fim ɗin kansa. Ina ƙarfafa masu karatu sosai don neman wannan tsohuwar tef ɗin a shagunan haya na bidiyo (Rubuta ta Karl Kamb, Daraktan Edgar G. Ulmer) kamar yadda ya kasance wani littafi na musamman na manyan mawaƙa masu yin kida a Amurka suna yin a cikin XNUMXs da XNUMXs. Fim din yana da makirci (idan kuna so, za ku iya watsi da shi): wannan tarihin kwanakin wani Nora ne, wanda dukan rayuwarsa ya kasance yana da alaka da Carnegie Hall. A matsayin yarinya, ta kasance a wurin bude zauren kuma ta ga Tchaikovsky yana gudanar da ƙungiyar mawaƙa a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Piano Concerto. Nora ta kasance tana aiki a Carnegie Hall duk rayuwarta (na farko a matsayin mai tsabta, daga baya a matsayin manaja) kuma tana cikin zauren yayin wasan kwaikwayo na shahararrun masu wasan kwaikwayo. Arthur Rubinstein, Yasha Heifets, Grigory Pyatigorsky, mawaƙa Jean Pierce, Lily Pons, Ezio Pinza da Rize Stevens sun bayyana akan allon; Ana buga makada a karkashin jagorancin Walter Damrosch, Artur Rodzinsky, Bruno Walter da Leopold Stokowski. A cikin kalma, kuna gani kuma kuna jin fitattun mawakan suna yin kida mai ban sha'awa…

Pyatigorsky, ban da yin ayyukan, kuma ya ƙunshi ayyuka na cello (Dance, Scherzo, Bambance-bambance a kan Jigo na Paganini, Suite for 2 Cellos da Piano, da dai sauransu) Masu sukar lura cewa ya hada da innate virtuosity tare da mai ladabi ma'anar style da kuma zance. Lallai, kamalar fasaha ba ta taɓa ƙarewa a gare shi ba. Sautin jijjiga na Pyatigorsky's cello yana da inuwa marar iyaka, faffadan fa'idarsa da girman girmansa ya haifar da alaƙa ta musamman tsakanin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo da masu sauraro. Waɗannan halayen sun fi bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayon kiɗan soyayya. A cikin waɗancan shekarun, mutum ɗaya kawai zai iya kwatanta shi da Piatigorsky: shine babban Pablo Casals. Amma a lokacin yakin an raba shi da masu sauraro, yana zaune a matsayin mawaƙa a kudancin Faransa, kuma a lokacin yakin basasa ya fi zama a wuri guda, a Prades, inda ya shirya bukukuwan kiɗa.

Grigory Pyatigorsky kuma malami ne mai ban sha'awa, yana haɗa ayyukan yin aiki tare da koyarwa mai aiki. Daga 1941 zuwa 1949 ya rike sashin cello a Cibiyar Curtis da ke Philadelphia, kuma ya jagoranci sashen kiɗa na ɗakin a Tanglewood. Daga 1957 zuwa 1962 ya koyarwa a Jami'ar Boston, kuma daga 1962 har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Kudancin California. A 1962, Pyatigorsky sake ƙare a Moscow (an gayyace shi zuwa ga juri na Tchaikovsky Competition. A 1966, ya tafi zuwa Moscow sake a cikin wannan damar). A cikin 1962, New York Cello Society ta kafa Piatigorsky Prize don girmama Gregory, wanda aka ba shi kowace shekara ga mafi kyawun ƙwararrun matasa. Pyatigorsky ya samu lambar girmamawa ta likita daga jami'o'i da dama; Bugu da kari, an ba shi lambar yabo a kungiyar Legion of Honor. An kuma gayyace shi akai-akai zuwa fadar White House don halartar shagali.

Grigory Pyatigorsky ya mutu a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1976, kuma an binne shi a Los Angeles. Akwai da yawa rikodi na duniya litattafansu yi Pyatigorsky ko ensembles tare da sa hannu a kusan dukan dakunan karatu a Amurka.

Irin wannan shi ne makomar yaron da ya yi tsalle daga gada zuwa kogin Zbruch, wanda iyakar Soviet da Poland ta wuce.

Yuri Serper