Nototyping |

Notoprinting – polygraphic haifuwa na bayanin kula. Bukatar bugu ya taso jim kadan bayan ƙirƙirar bugu (c. 1450); a cikin wallafe-wallafen farko, cocin ya mamaye. littafai, da yawa daga cikinsu an ba da waƙoƙin waƙoƙin yabo. Da farko, an bar musu sarari fanko, inda aka shigar da bayanan da hannu (duba, misali, Latin Psalter – Psalterium latinum, wanda aka buga a Mainz a 1457). A cikin adadin incunabula (bugu na farko), ban da rubutun, an kuma buga sandunan kiɗa, yayin da aka rubuta ko zana bayanin kula bisa ga na musamman. samfuri. Irin waɗannan wallafe-wallafen ba lallai ba ne su nuna ƙuruciyar N. (kamar yadda masu bincike da yawa suka yi jayayya) - wasu ƙwararrun mawallafin kiɗa kuma sun sake su a cikin con. 15 c. (misali - littafin "Musical Art" - "Ars mu-sicorum", wanda aka buga a Valencia a 1495). Dalili kuwa shi ne, a cikin al’ummomi daban-daban ana rera addu’o’i iri ɗaya cikin harsuna daban-daban. waƙoƙin waƙa. Ta hanyar buga wani waƙa na musamman, mawallafin a cikin wannan yanayin zai taƙaita da'irar masu siyan littafin ta hanyar wucin gadi.

Saitin bayanin kula. "Roman Mass". Printer W. Khan. Roma. 1476.

A gaskiya N. ya tashi kusan. 1470. Ɗaya daga cikin bugu na kiɗa na farko, Graduale Constantiense, an buga shi ba a baya ba fiye da 1473 (wurin da ba a sani ba). Har zuwa 1500, sun yi ƙoƙari su kawo bayyanar da rubutun da aka buga kusa da waɗanda aka rubuta da hannu. Al’adar zana layukan kida da jajayen tawada, da rubuta gumakan da kansu da baƙar fata, sun hana ci gaban ƙididdiga na kiɗan a matakin farko, wanda ya tilasta musu samun hanyoyin bugu guda biyu-raba sanduna da bayanin kula daban, da kuma warware hadaddun fasaha matsaloli. matsalar daidai gwargwado. A wannan lokacin, akwai hanyoyi N. Set. Kowane harafi zai iya samun duka ɗaya da yawa. (har zuwa 4) bayanin kula. Yawancin lokaci ana buga sandunan da farko (jajayen tawada ya rufe ɗan ƙaramin yanki kuma ya bushe da sauri), sannan (“gudu na biyu”) bayanin kula da rubutu. Wani lokaci kawai bayanin kula da rubutu ake buga, kuma an zana layin da hannu, misali. a cikin "Collectorium super Magnificat" (Collectorium super Magnificat), ed. a cikin Esslingen a cikin 1473. Don haka an buga ayyukan, an rubuta su a cikin mawaƙa, wani lokacin kuma a cikin abubuwan da ba na tunani ba. An fara buga waƙar Choral daga haruffan rubutu ta Ulrich Hahn a cikin "Mass Roman" ("Missale Romanum" Roma 1476). Buga mafi tsufa tare da alamar haila shine P. Niger “Short Grammar” (“Grammatica brevis”) ( printer T. von Würzburg, Venice, 1480).

Saitin bayanin kula na haila (ba tare da masu mulki ba) F. Niger. Takaitaccen nahawu. Printer T. von Würzburg, Venice. 1480.

A ciki, misalan kida suna kwatanta lalata. mita mawaƙa. Ko da yake ana buga bayanin kula ba tare da masu mulki ba, suna kan tsayi daban-daban. Ana iya ɗauka cewa dole ne a zana masu mulki da hannu.

Zanen itace. "Roman Mass". Mai bugawa O. Scotto. Venice. 1482.

Zane-zanen itace (xylography). Masu bugawa sun ɗauki misalan kiɗa a cikin littattafai a matsayin wani nau'i na hoto kuma sun samar da su ta hanyar zane-zane. An sami kwafi na yau da kullun lokacin bugu daga zane mai ma'ana, watau hanyar buga wasiƙa. Duk da haka, samar da irin wannan zane ya ɗauki lokaci mai yawa, saboda. ya zama dole a yanke mafi yawan saman allon, barin kawai abubuwan bugu na nau'i - alamun kiɗa). Daga farkon katako. wallafe-wallafen sun fito da “masu yawan Romawa” na firintar Venetian O. Scotto (1481, 1482), da kuma “furanni masu kida don waƙoƙin Gregorian” (“Flores musicae omnis cantus Gregoriani”, 1488) ta firintar Strasbourg I. Prius.

An yi amfani da hanyar yanke itace ta hanyar Ch. arr. lokacin buga kiɗa-ka'idar. littattafai, da kuma littattafai, a cikinsu akwai waƙoƙi. Da wuya, an buga tarin majami'u ta amfani da wannan hanya. waƙoƙi. Zane ya zama mai arha kuma mai dacewa yayin buga misalan kiɗan da aka maimaita a cikin harsuna daban-daban. wallafe-wallafe. Ana ba da irin waɗannan misalai a cikin zanen gado. Siffofin bugu sau da yawa suna wucewa daga wannan firinta zuwa wancan; Yana yiwuwa a ƙayyade wace bugu na waɗannan misalan an zana su a karon farko ta hanyar haɗin kai na font a cikin rubutun misalai da kuma a cikin littafin kanta.

Yanke itace. N. ya ci gaba har zuwa karni na 17. Daga 1515 kuma an yi amfani da wannan fasaha don buga kiɗan alama. A cikin bene na 1. Karni na 16 an buga da yawa ta wannan hanyar. Littattafan addu'o'in Lutheran (misali, "Littafin Waƙa" - "Sangbüchlein" na I. Walther, Wittenberg, 1524). A Roma a cikin 1510, an buga Sabbin Waƙoƙi (Canzone nove) na A. de Antikis, wanda a lokaci guda. ya kasance mai sassaƙa itace kuma mawaki. Misalai masu kyau na yanke itace su ne bugu na gaba nasa (Missae quindecim, 1516, da Frottolo intabulatae da suonar organi, 1517). A nan gaba, Antikis, tare da yankan itace, kuma yana amfani da zane-zane akan karfe. Ɗaya daga cikin littattafan kiɗa na farko da aka buga daga zane-zane a kan karfe shine "Canzones, Sonnets, Strambotti da Frottola, Littafin Daya" ("Canzone, Sonetti, Strambotti et Frottole, Libro Primo" na firinta P. Sambonetus, 1515). Kafin farkon karni na 16, yawancin masu buga littattafai ba su da nasu na'urar zane-zane da kida; misalan kiɗa a cikin pl. na'urorin buga waƙa masu tafiya ne suka yi.

A nan gaba, an haɓaka ginshiƙan biyu kuma an inganta su. nau'in N., wanda aka zayyana tun farkon karni na 15 - rubutun rubutu da zane-zane.

A cikin 1498, O. dei Petrucci ya samu daga Majalisar Venice damar buga kiɗan ta amfani da nau'in motsi (ya inganta hanyar W. Khan kuma ya yi amfani da shi wajen buga bayanan kula da maza). Petrucci ne ya fitar da bugu na farko a cikin 1501 ("Harmonice Musices Odhecaton A"). A cikin 1507-08, a karon farko a cikin tarihin N., ya buga tarin guda don lute. Buga bisa ga hanyar Petrucci an gudanar da shi a cikin gudu biyu - layi na farko, sannan a saman su - alamun kiɗan lu'u-lu'u. Idan bayanin kula yana tare da rubutu, an buƙaci wani gudu. Wannan hanyar ta ba da izinin buga kai ɗaya kawai. kiɗa. Shirye-shiryen wallafe-wallafen ya kasance mai tsada kuma yana ɗaukar lokaci. Buga na Petrucci na dogon lokaci ya kasance wanda ba a taɓa gani ba a cikin kyawawan kayan kiɗan kiɗan da kuma daidaiton alaƙar alamun kiɗan da masu mulki. Lokacin da, bayan ƙarewar gata na Petrucci, J. Giunta ya juya ga hanyarsa kuma ya sake buga Motetti della Corona a cikin 1526, ba zai iya kusantar kamala na bugu na magabata ba.

Daga farkon karni na 16 N. yana tasowa sosai a cikin wasu da yawa. kasashe. A Jamus, bugu na farko da aka buga bisa ga hanyar Petrucci shine P. Tritonius' Melopea, wanda bugun E. Eglin ya buga a 1507 a Augsburg. Ba kamar Petrucci ba, layukan Eglin ba su da ƙarfi, amma an ɗauke su daga ƙananan abubuwa. Buga na Mainz printer P. Schöffer “Organ Tablature” na A. Schlick (Tabulaturen etlicher, 1512), “Littafin Waƙa” (Liederbuch, 1513), “Chants” (“Santiones”, 1539) ba su yi ƙasa da na Italiyanci ba. , kuma wani lokacin ma ya zarce su.

An kara inganta hanyar buga bayanan kula a Faransa.

Buga guda ɗaya daga saitin P. Attenyan. "Wakoki Talatin da Hudu Tare da Kiɗa". Paris. 1528.

Mawallafin Parisian P. Attenyan ya fara fitar da waƙar takarda daga saitin ta hanyar bugu ɗaya. A karo na farko ya buga ta wannan hanya "Wakoki Talatin da huɗu tare da kiɗa" ("Trente et quatre chansons musicales", Paris, 1528). Ƙirƙirar, a fili, na na'urar bugawa ne da kuma nau'in caster P. Oten. A cikin sabon font, kowane harafi ya ƙunshi haɗin rubutu tare da ƙaramin sashi na sandar, wanda ya ba da damar ba kawai don sauƙaƙe aikin bugu ba (don aiwatar da shi a cikin gudu ɗaya), har ma don buga polygonal. kiɗa (har zuwa sau uku akan ma'aikata ɗaya). Duk da haka, ainihin tsari na daukar ma'auni na polyphonic. samfur. yana ɗaukar lokaci sosai, kuma an adana wannan hanyar don saitin abubuwan haɗin gwiwar monophonic kawai. Daga cikin sauran Faransanci. firintocin da suka yi aiki a kan ka'idar latsa guda ɗaya daga saiti - Le Be, wasiƙun da kamfanin Ballard da Le Roy suka samu daga baya kuma, sarki yana kiyaye su. gata, ana amfani da su har zuwa karni na 18.

Haruffa na kiɗa a Dec. Mawallafa sun bambanta da girman kawunansu, tsayin kututturen da kuma matakin kamala na kisa, amma shugabannin a cikin bugu na kiɗan mensural da farko sun riƙe siffar lu'u-lu'u. Zagaye shugabannin, waɗanda suka kasance na kowa a cikin kide-kide a cikin karni na 15, an fara jefa su a cikin 1530 ta E. Briard (ya kuma maye gurbin ligatures a cikin kiɗa na al'ada tare da nadi na cikakken tsawon bayanin kula). Baya ga bugu (misali, ayyukan comp. Carpentre), zagaye shugabannin (abin da ake kira musique en kwafi, watau “sake rubuta bayanin kula”) da wuya a yi amfani da su kuma sun yadu kawai a cikin con. Karni na 17 (a Jamus, an buga bugu na farko tare da shugabanni a cikin 1695 ta mawallafin Nuremberg da bugun VM Endter (“Concertos na Ruhaniya” na G. Wecker).

Buga sau biyu daga saitin. A da B — font da bugu ta O. Petrucci, C — font ta E. Briard.

Saita a cikin rubutun Breitkopf. Sonnet ta marubucin da ba a san shi ba, wanda aka saita zuwa kiɗa ta IF Grefe. Leipzig. 1755.

Babban rashin saitin kiɗa zuwa ser. Karni na 18 akwai rashin yiwuwar sake haifuwa, don haka ana iya amfani da shi kawai don fitar da muses monophonic. samfur. A cikin 1754, IGI Breitkopf (Leipzig) ya ƙirƙira wani nau'in kiɗan kiɗan "mai motsi da rugujewa", wanda, kamar mosaic, ya ƙunshi nau'i daban-daban. barbashi (jimlar kusan haruffa 400), misali kowane na takwas ana buga su tare da taimakon haruffa uku - kai, kara da wutsiya (ko guntun saƙa). Wannan font ɗin ya ba da damar sake yin kowane nau'in ƙira, a zahiri tare da taimakonsa yana yiwuwa a shirya samfuran mafi rikitarwa don bugawa. A cikin nau'in Breitkopf, duk cikakkun bayanai na saitin kiɗa sun dace da kyau (ba tare da gibi ba). Zanen kiɗan ya kasance mai sauƙin karantawa kuma yana da kyan gani. An fara amfani da sabuwar hanyar N. a cikin 1754 tare da buga aria Wie mancher kann sich schon entschliessen. Buga gabatarwa na sonnet da aka saita zuwa kiɗan yabon fa'idodin ƙirƙirar Breitkopf ya biyo baya a cikin 1755. Babban bugu na farko shine Faskari na Ibada (Il trionfo della fedelta, 1756), wanda Gimbiya Saxon Maria Antonia Walpurgis ta rubuta. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, tare da taimakon saitin, Breitkopf ya kai ci gaban da ba a taɓa gani ba. Sai dai a yanzu N. ya samu nasarar yin takara a dukkan fannoni da rubuce-rubucen hannu, wanda har zuwa wannan lokacin ba a rasa rinjaye a kasuwar waka ba. Breitkopf ya buga ayyukan kusan dukkanin manyan Jamusanci. mawaƙa na wannan zamanin - 'ya'yan JS Bach, I. Mattheson, J. Benda, GF Telemann da sauransu. Hanyar Breitkopf ta sami yawa. masu koyi da mabiya a Holland, Belgium da Faransa.

Zane akan tagulla. Firintar "Ni'ima ta Ruhaniya". S. Verovio. Roma. 1586.

Da con. Karni na 18 yanayin ya canza - muz. Nau'in ya zama mai rikitarwa har bugawa ya zama mara amfani. Lokacin shirya bugu na sababbi, hadaddun ayyuka, musamman orc. maki, ya zama da amfani a yi amfani da hanyar sassaƙa, ta wannan lokacin ya inganta sosai.

A cikin karni na 20 an yi amfani da hanyar da aka saita lokaci-lokaci kawai lokacin buga misalan kiɗa a cikin littattafai (duba, alal misali, littafin A. Beyschlag "Ornament in Music" - A. Beyschlag, "Die Ornamentik der Musik", 1908).

Rum ta fara amfani da zane-zanen da aka yi da kyau a kan tagulla tare da hanyar buga intaglio. printer S. Verovio a cikin littafin "Ni'ima na Ruhaniya" ("Diletto spirituale", 1586). Ya yi amfani da fasahar Niederl. engravers, to-rye a cikin reproduction na zane-zane na masu fasaha irin su Martin de Vos, sun sake buga dukkan shafukan kiɗa. Niederl ne ya zana bugu na Verovio. Jagora M. van Buiten.

Hanyar zane-zane ta kasance mai cin lokaci, amma ya ba da damar canja wurin zane na kiɗa na kowane hadaddun sabili da haka ya zama tartsatsi a ƙasashe da yawa. kasashe. A Ingila, an fara amfani da wannan hanyar a shirye-shiryen buga O. Gibbons' Fantasy for Viols, 1606-1610 (bd); daya daga cikin Turanci na farko Mawallafin su ne W. Hole, wanda ya zana Parthenia (1613). A Faransa, an jinkirta ƙaddamar da zane-zane saboda gata na gidan buga littattafai na Ballard akan N. a cikin saitin nau'in.

Zane. I. Kuna. Sabon motsa jiki na clavier. Leipzig. 1689.

Buga na farko da aka zana ya bayyana a birnin Paris a shekara ta 1667 – “Littafin Gaggawa” na Niver (engraver Luder). Tuni a cikin con. Karni na 17 pl. Mawakan Faransanci da ke neman ketare ikon mallakar Ballard sun ba da abubuwan da suka rubuta don sassaƙa (D. Gauthier, c. 1670; N. Lebesgue, 1677; A. d'Anglebert, 1689).

Zane. GP Handel. Bambance-bambance daga suite E-dur don clavier.

Rubutun rubutu Dec. Ƙasashen sun bambanta: Faransanci - tsohuwar zamani, Italiyanci - mafi kyau (tunanin rubutun), Eng. zanen yana da nauyi, yana kusa da buga rubutu, zanen Jamusanci yana da kyan gani kuma a sarari. A cikin wallafe-wallafen kiɗa (musamman na karni na 17), sunan "intavolatura" (intavolatura) yana nufin zane-zane, "maki" (partitura) zuwa saitin bayanin kula.

A farkon. Ƙarni na 18 Faransanci ya sami suna musamman. mawallafin kiɗa. A wannan lokacin, yawancin masu zane-zane-zane-zane sun tsunduma cikin zane-zane na kiɗa, suna mai da hankali sosai ga zane na dukan littafin.

A shekara ta 1710 a Amsterdam, mawallafin E. Roger ya fara ƙididdige littattafansa a karon farko. A cikin karni na 18th pl. kasashe sun bi sawun. Tun daga karni na 19 an yarda da shi a duk duniya. Ana sanya lambobin a kan allunan kuma (ba koyaushe) akan shafin take ba. Wannan yana sauƙaƙe tsarin bugawa (ba a cire buga shafukan yanar gizo na bazata daga wasu bugu), da kuma kwanan wata tsohuwar bugu, ko aƙalla kwanan wata fitowar ta farko ta wannan bugu (saboda lambobin ba sa canzawa yayin sake bugawa).

Juyin juyayi mai tsaurin ra'ayi a cikin zanen kiɗa, wanda ya raba shi da fasahar fasaha. engravings, ya faru a cikin 20s. Karni na 18 A Burtaniya, J. Kluer ya fara amfani da shi maimakon allunan jan karfe da aka yi da gwangwani da gubar da ta fi dacewa. A kan irin waɗannan allunan a cikin 1724 an zana samfuran. Handel. J. Walsh da J. Eyre (J. Hare) sun gabatar da naushi na karfe, tare da taimakon abin da zai yiwu a buga duk alamun da aka ci karo da su akai-akai. Yana nufin. digiri ya haɗa bayyanar bayanin kula, ya sa su zama masu karantawa. Ingantacciyar tsarin zanen kida ya bazu a wurare da dama. kasashe. KO. 1750 don zane ya fara amfani da faranti 1 mm lokacin farin ciki wanda aka yi da zinc mai ɗorewa ko gami da tin, gubar da antimony (wanda ake kira garth). Duk da haka, hanyar zane-zanen kiɗa kanta ba ta taɓa yin halitta ba. canje-canje. Na farko akan allon allo. wani raster (wani guntu mai hakora biyar) yana yanke layukan kiɗa. Sannan maɓallai, kawunan bayanin kula, bazata, rubutu na magana ana buga su tare da naushi a cikin sigar madubi. Bayan haka, ana aiwatar da ainihin zane-zane - tare da taimakon ƙwanƙwasa, an yanke waɗannan abubuwan da ke cikin rubutun waƙa, wanda, saboda siffar su, ba za a iya buga su da naushi ba (natsuwa, saƙa, wasanni, cokali mai yatsa, da dai sauransu). .). Har zuwa con. An yi karni na 18 N. kai tsaye daga allunan, wanda ya haifar da saurin lalacewa. Tare da ƙirƙirar lithography (1796), an yi guda na musamman daga kowane allo. buga don canja wuri zuwa dutsen lithographic ko kuma daga baya - zuwa karfe. siffofin don lebur bugu. Saboda ƙwazo na ƙera alluna tare da zane-zane. samfur. an dauke su a matsayin babban jari mafi mahimmanci na kowane gidan buga waƙa.

Mataki-mataki aiwatar da zane-zane.

A cikin karni na 20 na zanen kida na hoto. Ana canza hanyar zuwa tutiya (don zincographic cliches) ko zuwa faranti na bakin ciki (zinc ko aluminum), waɗanda sifofi ne don bugu. A matsayin na asali, maimakon allunan, nunin faifan da aka ɗauka daga gare su ana kiyaye su.

A Rasha, gwaje-gwaje na farko tare da N. sun koma karni na 17. An haɗa su da bukatar haɗin kan ikilisiya. waka. A 1652, da sassaƙa Mosk. Daga Gidan Bugawa, F. Ivanov an umurce shi da ya fara "kasuwancin bugawa", watau N. tare da taimakon alamun kiɗan da ba na layi ba. An yanke naushin ƙarfe kuma an jefa nau'in, amma ba a buga bugu ɗaya ta amfani da wannan nau'in ba, da alama dangane da Coci. gyara na Patriarch Nikon (1653-54). A cikin 1655 an ba da izini na musamman don gyara coci. chanter littattafai, wanda ya yi aiki har zuwa 1668. A. Mezenets (shugabanta) ya maye gurbin alamar cinnabar (wanda ke ƙayyade filin) ​​da "alamu" da aka buga a cikin launi ɗaya a babban. alamu, wanda ya sa ya yiwu a buga waƙa. littattafai ba tare da neman rikitattun bugu biyu ba. A 1678, an kammala simintin gyare-gyare na mawaƙan kiɗa, wanda I. Andreev ya yi a kan umarnin Mezenets. A cikin sabon font, an sanya "banners" akan otp. haruffa, waɗanda ke ba ku damar buga nau'ikan haɗuwa iri-iri. N. ta wannan font kuma ba a aiwatar da shi ba. A wannan lokacin, bayanin kida na layi ya fara yadawa a cikin Rasha, kuma tsarin Mezenz ya zama anachronism a farkon farkonsa. Kwarewar farko da aka kawo don kammala cikin Rashanci. N. yana da alaƙa da sauyawa zuwa bayanin kida na layi - waɗannan sun kasance kwatankwacin ("alama biyu") na ƙugiya da bayanin kula na layi. An buga littafin ca. 1679 daga allunan da aka zana. Marubucin da mai yin wannan bugu (shafin taken da bugu sun ɓace), a fili, shi ne organist S. Gutovsky, game da wanda a cikin takardun Moscow. Armory yana da rikodin kwanan wata 22 ga Nuwamba 1677 cewa ya "yi wani katako na niƙa wanda ke buga zanen Fryazh" (watau zane-zanen tagulla). Don haka, a cikin Rasha a cikin con. Karni na 17 Dukansu hanyoyin sassaƙa, waɗanda suka yaɗu a wancan lokacin a yammacin duniya, sun ƙware: rubutu da sassaƙa.

A 1700, Irmologist aka buga a Lvov - na farko da aka buga abin tunawa na Rasha. Znamenny rera waƙa (tare da bayanin kida na layi). Font don shi an halicce shi ta firinta I. Gorodetsky.

A 1766, da printer Mosk. Synodal printing House SI Byshkovsky ya ba da shawarar wani nau'in kiɗan da ya ɓullo da shi, wanda ya bambanta da kyau da kamala. Liturgical music aka buga a cikin wannan font: "Irmologist", "Oktoikh", "Utility", "Holidays" (1770-1772).

Shafi daga bugun: L. Madonis. Sonata don violin tare da bass na dijital. SPB. 1738.

A cewar VF Odoevsky, waɗannan littattafan “taska ce ta ƙasa da ba za a iya ƙima ba, wadda babu wata ƙasa a Turai da za ta yi fahariya da ita, domin bisa ga dukkan bayanan tarihi, an adana irin waƙoƙin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin majami’unmu tsawon shekaru 700 a cikin waɗannan littattafan.” .

Rubuce-rubucen duniya har zuwa 70s. An buga karni na 18 ne kawai a cikin gidan bugawa na Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha, an yi faranti na bugu ta hanyar zanen tagulla. Buga na farko shine "Waƙar da aka haɗa a Hamburg don bikin bikin nadin sarauta na Sarauniyar Sarauniya Anna Ioannovna, Autocrat of All Russia, tsohon tamo Agusta 10 (bisa ga sabon lissafi), 1730" na V. Trediakovsky. Bugu da ƙari, da dama sauran maraba "zanen tire" da aka buga dangane da decomp. bikin kotu, a cikin 30s. bugu na farko na instr. kiɗa - 12 sonatas don violin tare da bass na dijital ta G. Verocchi (tsakanin 1735 da 1738) da 12 sonatas ("Sha biyu daban-daban symphonies domin kare kanka da violin da bass ...") by L. Madonis (1738). Na musamman bayanin kula shine wanda aka buga a cikin 50s. da kuma shahararriyar tarin daga baya “A halin yanzu, rashin zaman lafiya, ko tarin waƙoƙi daban-daban tare da sautin murya guda uku. Kiɗa ta GT (eplova)”. A cikin 60s. Gidan bugawa na Kwalejin Kimiyya ya sami rubutun kiɗan Breitkopf (nan da nan bayan ƙirƙira). Buga na farko da aka yi ta amfani da hanyar saita shine V. Manfredini's 6 clavier sonatas (1765).

Daga 70s. Karni na 18 N. a Rasha yana tasowa cikin sauri. Ya bayyana da yawa. masu wallafa masu zaman kansu. kamfanoni. Ana kuma buga bayanin kula a nau'i daban-daban. mujallu da almanacs (duba masu buga kiɗan). A cikin Rasha N. ya yi amfani da duk nasarorin da aka samu na bugu. fasaha.

A cikin karni na 20 ana buga bugu na kiɗa ch. arr. a kan buga latsawa. Fassarar asali na kiɗan zuwa nau'ikan da aka buga ana aiwatar da su ta hanyar kayan aikin hoto. hanya. Babban matsalar N. ta ta'allaka ne a cikin shirye-shiryen asalin kiɗan. Kowane hadadden kida prod. yana da ƙirar mutum ɗaya. Ya zuwa yanzu, ba a sami isasshiyar mafita mai sauƙi kuma mai tsada ga matsalar kera na'urar kera kayan kida ba. A matsayinka na mai mulki, an yi su da hannu, yayin da ingancin aikin ya dogara da fasaha. (graphic) basirar maigidan. Amfani na gaba. hanyoyin shirya asali don N.:

Zane-zane (duba sama), wanda amfani da shi yana raguwa a duk ƙasashe, saboda saboda wahala da cutar da aiki a kan garth, an kusan cika darajar masters.

Rubutun rubutu tare da buga tawada akan takarda millimeter ta amfani da saitin tambari, samfuri da alkalami mai zane. Wannan hanyar, wacce aka gabatar a cikin 30s na 20th karni, ita ce mafi yawan al'umma a cikin USSR. Yana da ƙasa da ɗaukar lokaci fiye da zane-zane, kuma yana ba ku damar sake haifar da asalin kowane hadaddun tare da daidaito mai girma. An haɗa wannan hanya ta hanyar zana bayanin kula a kan takarda mai haske, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen shirya wallafe-wallafen kiɗa a cikin gidajen bugu waɗanda ba su da tambari.

Wasiƙar kiraigraphic na bayanin kula (maɓallai kawai aka buga). Samar da asali na kiɗa ta wannan hanya ya sami karbuwa a ƙasashe da yawa. kasashe kuma an fara gabatar da su a cikin USSR.

Canja wurin alamun kiɗa zuwa takarda na kiɗa bisa ga ƙa'idar ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin yara (Klebefolien). Duk da ƙwazo da tsadar da ke tattare da hakan, ana amfani da hanyar a yawancin ƙasashen waje. kasashe.

Noteset (gyare-gyaren da ba shi da alaƙa da rubutun Breitkopf). Hanyar da aka ɓullo da kuma sanya a cikin samar a cikin 1959-60 da ma'aikata na Polygraphy Research Institute tare da ma'aikatan Soviet Composer buga gidan. Lokacin bugawa, rubutun shafin kiɗa yana hawa akan allo na baki. Dukkan abubuwa - masu mulki, bayanin kula, wasanni, rubutun ra'ayi, da dai sauransu - an yi su ne da roba da filastik kuma an rufe su da phosphor. Bayan dubawa da gyara lahani, ana haskaka allon da daukar hoto. Ana canza bayanan da aka samu zuwa bugu. Hanyar ta baratar da kanta sosai a cikin shirye-shiryen bugu na wallafe-wallafen jama'a, orc. kuri'u, da dai sauransu.

Ana ƙoƙarin daidaita tsarin yin asali na kiɗan. Don haka, a cikin ƙasashe da yawa (Poland, Amurka) ana amfani da injunan bayanin kida. Tare da isassun sakamako masu inganci, waɗannan injinan ba su da inganci. A cikin USSR, ba su sami rarraba ba. Ana bincika yuwuwar don daidaita injunan saiti na hoto don rubutun rubutu. Injin saitin hoto daga farkon. Ƙarni na 70 na 20 ya zama gama gari don buga rubutu, tk. suna da amfani sosai, nan da nan suna ba da tabbataccen abin da aka shirya don buga bugu kuma aiki akan su ba shi da cutarwa ga lafiya. Ƙoƙarin daidaita waɗannan injunan don N. da yawa suna yin su. kamfanoni (kamfanin Morisawa na Jafananci ya ba da izinin yin amfani da na'ura mai sarrafa hoto a cikin ƙasashe da yawa). Mafi girman abubuwan da za a iya tabbatar da samar da asali na kiɗan na cikin tsarin hoto.

Baya ga hanyoyin da ke sama, yin amfani da tsofaffin bugu don N. yana da yawa, wanda, bayan gyare-gyare da gyare-gyaren da ake bukata, ya zama ainihin asali don daukar hoto da kuma canja wuri na gaba zuwa siffofin da aka buga. Tare da haɓaka hanyoyin daukar hoto da ke da alaƙa da amfani da tartsatsi na sake bugawa (sake buga bugu na asali na litattafan gargajiya), da kuma bugu na facimile, waɗanda ke haɓaka ingancin rubutun marubucin ko k.-l. wani tsohon bugu tare da duk fasalulluka (cikin sabbin bugu na facim na Soviet shine buga rubutun marubucin "Hotuna a Nunin" na MP Mussorgsky, 1975).

Don ƙananan bugun bugawa, da kuma na farko. Sanin ƙwararrun bayanan kula ana buga su akan masu daukar hoto.

References: Bessel V., Kayayyaki don tarihin wallafe-wallafen kiɗa a Rasha. Rataye zuwa littafin: Rindeizen N., VV Bessel. Maƙala akan ayyukan kiɗa da zamantakewa, St. Petersburg, 1909; Yurgenson V., Maƙala akan tarihin ƙidayar kiɗa, M., 1928; Volman B., Rubutun bugu na Rasha na karni na 1957, L., 1970; nasa, bugu na kiɗa na Rasha na 1966th - farkon ƙarni na 1970, L., 50; Kunin M., Musical printing. Rubuce-rubucen tarihi, M., 1896; Ivanov G., Buga kiɗa a Rasha. Maganar tarihi, M., 1898; Riemann H., Notenschrift und Notendruck, a cikin: Festschrift zum 1-jahrigen Jubelfeier der Firma CG Röder, Lpz., 12; Eitner R., Der Musiknotendruck und seine Entwicklung, “Zeitschrift für Bücherfreunde”, 1932, Jahrg. 26, H. 89; Kinkeldey O., Kiɗa a cikin Incunabula, Takardun Littafin Littafi Mai Tsarki na Amurka, 118, v. 1933, shafi. 37-1934; Guygan B., Histoire de l'impression de la musique. La typgraphie musicale en Faransa, “Arts et métiers graphiques”, 39, No 41, 43, No 250, 1969, 35; Hoffmann M., Immanuel Breitkopf und der Typendruck, a cikin: Pasticcio auf das 53-jahrige Bestehen des Verlages Breitkopf und Härtel. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Hauses, Lpz., (XNUMX), S. XNUMX-XNUMX.

HA Kopchevsky