Polytonality |
daga Girkanci polus - da yawa da tonality
Nau'in gabatar da tonal na musamman, tsarin haɗaɗɗiyar (amma haɗe-haɗe) tsarin dangantakar fira, ana amfani da shi galibi. a cikin kiɗan zamani. P. - "ba jimillar maɓallai da yawa ba ... amma haɗakar su, suna ba da sabon ingancin modal - tsarin tsarin da ya danganci polytonicity" (Yu. I. Paisov). P. na iya ɗaukar nau'i na haɗa nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i (nau'i na P.), Multi-tonal melodic. layuka (melodic. P.) da kuma haɗa ƙwanƙwasa da karin waƙa. Lines (gauraye P.). A waje, P. wani lokacin yana kama da babban matsayi na ƙananan sassa daban-daban a saman juna (duba misalin da ke ƙasa).
P., a matsayin mai mulkin, yana da cibiyar guda ɗaya ("politonic", bisa ga Paisov), wanda, duk da haka, ba monolithic (kamar yadda yake a cikin maɓalli na yau da kullum), amma mahara, polyharmonically stratified (duba Polyharmony). Sassansa ("subtonic", bisa ga Paisov) ana amfani da su azaman tonics na maɓalli masu sauƙi, diatonic (a irin waɗannan lokuta, P. shine "pseudochromatic" gaba ɗaya, bisa ga VG Karatygin; duba Polyladovost).
SS Prokofiev. "Sarcasms", No 3.
Babban tushen bayyanar P. shine tsarin tsarin tsari mai rikitarwa (dissonant da chromatic), wanda za'a iya kiyaye tsarin tertian na ma'auni (musamman a matakin ƙananan ƙananan). Misalin polytonic daga Prokofiev's "Sarcasms" - polychord b - des (cis) - f - ges (fis) - a - shine cibiyar hadaddun tsarin, kuma ba guda biyu masu sauƙi ba, wanda, ba shakka, muna rushewa. shi (triads b-moll da fis-moll); don haka, tsarin gaba ɗaya ba ya rage ko dai zuwa maɓalli ɗaya na yau da kullun (b-moll), ko zuwa jimlar biyu (b-moll + fis-moll). (Kamar yadda duk wani nau'in kwayoyin halitta ba ya daidai da jimlar sassansa, haɗin gwiwar manyan abubuwa masu yawa suna haɗa su cikin tsarin macro wanda ba za a iya rage shi zuwa hadewar maɓalli biyu ko da yawa a lokaci guda ba: "haɗa yayin saurare", muryoyin polytonal. "Ana canza launin zuwa maɓalli ɗaya mai mahimmanci" - A cikin V. Asafiev, 1925; Saboda haka, irin wannan tsarin macrosystem bai kamata a kira shi da sunan tsohuwar monotonality ba, da yawa fiye da sunan tsohuwar monotonities guda biyu ko da yawa, alal misali, ba zai iya ba. a ce wasan Prokofiev - duba misalin kiɗa - an rubuta shi a cikin b-moll.)
Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da ra'ayi na P. sune ra'ayoyin polymode, polychord, polyharmony (bambancin da ke tsakanin su daidai yake da tsakanin mahimman ra'ayi: tonality, yanayin, chord, jituwa). Babban ma'auni yana nuna kasancewar ainihin P. kamar yadda a lokaci guda. tura diff. maɓallai, yanayin shine cewa kowannensu ba a wakilta shi ta hanyar maɗaukaki ɗaya ba (ko siffa ba tare da sauye-sauye masu jituwa ba), amma ta hanyar bibiyar aikin aiki a fili (G. Erpf, 1927; Paisov, 1971).
Sau da yawa ra'ayoyin "yanayin poly", "poly-chord" da "polyharmony" suna kuskure tare da P. Dalilin haɗuwa da ra'ayoyin poly-mode ko poly-chord tare da P. yawanci yana ba da ka'idar da ba daidai ba. fassarar bayanan hasashe: misali ana ɗaukar sautin maɗaukaki a matsayin babba. sautin (tonic) na maɓalli ko, alal misali, haɗin C-dur da Fis-dur a matsayin mawaƙa (duba jigon Petrushka daga ballet na wannan sunan ta IF Stravinsky, misali na kiɗa akan tsiri 329) an ɗauke su azaman haɗin C-dur da Fis-dur azaman maɓalli (watau maƙallan maɓalli suna kuskure ta hanyar kalmar “tonality”; wannan kuskuren an yi shi, misali, na D. Millau, 1923). Saboda haka, yawancin misalan P. da aka bayar a cikin wallafe-wallafen ba su wakiltarsa da gaske. Fitar da yadudduka masu jituwa daga mahallin tonal mai rikitarwa yana ba da sakamako iri ɗaya (ba daidai ba) kamar yayyaga jituwar muryoyin mutum ɗaya a cikin fugue daga mahallin tonal mai sauƙi (misali, bass a cikin b-moll fugue stretta ta Bach, The Well- Clavier mai zafin rai, girma na 2, sanduna 33 -37 zasu kasance cikin yanayin Locrian).
Ana iya ganin samfuran polystructures (P.) a wasu samfuran nar. kiɗa (misali sutartines). A cikin phony na Turai shine farkon preform na P. - modal mai layi biyu (Quarter na ƙarshe na 13th - Quarter na farko na ƙarni na 15) tare da halayyar "Gothic cadence" na nau'in:
cis — d gis — ae – d (duba Cadence).
Glarean a cikin Dodecachord (1547) shigar a lokaci guda. hade gabatar da daban-daban muryoyin diff. tashin hankali. Wani sanannen misali na P. (1544) - "Rawar Yahudawa" ta X. Neusiedler (a cikin littafin "Denkmäler der Tonkunst a Österreich", Bd 37) - a gaskiya ba ya wakiltar P., amma polyscale. A tarihi, farkon “polytonally” da aka rubuta polychord na ƙarya yana cikin ƙarshe. sanduna na "A Musical Joke" na WA Mozart (K..-V. 522, 1787):
Lokaci-lokaci, al'amuran da aka gane a matsayin P. ana samun su a cikin kiɗa na karni na 19. (MP Mussorgsky, Hotuna a Nunin Nuni, "Yahudawa Biyu"; NA Rimsky-Korsakov, 16th bambance-bambancen daga "Paraphrase" - a kan wani batu da AP Borodin ya gabatar). Abubuwan al'ajabi da ake magana da su a matsayin P. sune halayen kiɗa na karni na 20. (P. Hindemith, B. Bartok, M. Ravel, A. Honegger, D. Milhaud, C. Ive, IF Stravinsky, SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, K. Shimanovsky, B. Lutoslavsky da dai sauransu).
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