Vibraphone: menene, abun da ke ciki, tarihi, bambanci daga xylophone

Vibraphone kayan kaɗe-kaɗe ne wanda ya yi tasiri sosai kan al'adun kiɗan jazz a Amurka.

Menene vibraphone

Rarraba – karfen waya. Sunan glockenspiel ana amfani da shi ga kayan kidan ƙarfe na ƙarfe tare da filaye daban-daban.

A waje, kayan aikin yayi kama da kayan aikin madannai, kamar piano da pianoforte. Amma suna wasa da shi ba tare da yatsunsu ba, amma tare da guduma na musamman.

Ana yawan amfani da vibraphone a waƙar jazz. A cikin kiɗan gargajiya, tana matsayi na biyu a cikin shahararrun kayan kida na madannai.

Tsarin kayan aiki

Gina jikin yana kama da xylophone, amma yana da bambanci. Bambancin yana cikin madannai. Maɓallan suna kan faranti na musamman tare da ƙafafu a ƙasa. Motar lantarki tana mayar da martani ga maɓalli kuma tana kunna ruwan wukake, wanda aikin da yake yi yana rinjayar sautin girgiza. Ana ƙirƙira firgita ta hanyar haɗakar da masu sake kunna tubular.

Kayan aiki yana da damper. An ƙera ɓangaren don murƙushewa da sassauta sautin da ake kunnawa. Ana sarrafa damper ta hanyar feda da ke ƙasan wayar vibraphone.

Allon madannai na metallophone an yi shi da aluminum. An yanke ramuka tare da dukan tsawon maɓallan zuwa ƙarshen.

Ana yin sautin ta hanyar bugun guduma akan maɓallan. Yawan guduma 2-6 ne. Sun bambanta a siffar da taurin. Siffar kai da aka fi sani da zagaye. Da nauyi guduma, da ƙara da ƙara da music zai yi sauti.

Daidaitaccen daidaitawa shine kewayon octave uku, daga F zuwa tsakiyar C. Kewayon octave huɗu shima na kowa. Ba kamar xylophone ba, vibraphone ba kayan aiki ba ne. A cikin 30s na karni na karshe, masana'antun sun samar da soprano metallophones. Timbre na sigar soprano shine C4-C7. An rage samfurin "Deagan 144", an yi amfani da kwali na yau da kullun azaman resonators.

Da farko dai, mawakan sun kunna wayar tarho yayin da suke tsaye. Tare da haɓakar fasaha, wasu masu faɗakarwa sun fara wasa yayin da suke zaune, don samun dacewa da amfani da ƙafafu biyu a kan ƙafar ƙafa. Bugu da ƙari ga ƙwallon ƙafar damper, tasirin tasirin da aka saba amfani da shi akan gitar lantarki sun shigo cikin aiki.

Tarihin vibraphone

An fara siyar da kayan kida na farko da ake kira “Vibraphone” a shekarar 1921. Kamfanin Leedy Manufacturing na Amurka ne ke sarrafa wannan sakin. Sigar farko ta metallophone tana da ƙananan bambance-bambance da yawa daga ƙirar zamani. A shekara ta 1924, kayan aikin ya yadu sosai. Shahararrun waƙar "Gypsy Love Song" da "Aloha Oe" na mashahurin mawaki Luis Frank Chia ne ya sauƙaƙe.

Shahararriyar sabon kayan aikin ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa a cikin 1927 JC Deagan Inc ya yanke shawarar haɓaka irin wannan ƙarfe. Injiniyoyin Deagan ba su kwafi cikakken tsarin fafatawa a gasa ba. Madadin haka, an gabatar da ingantaccen ƙirar ƙira. Shawarar yin amfani da aluminum maimakon karfe kamar yadda maɓalli ya inganta sauti. Tuning ya zama mafi dacewa. An shigar da fedar damper a cikin ƙananan ɓangaren. Sigar Deagan ta wuce da sauri ta maye gurbin wanda ya gabace ta.

A cikin 1937, wani gyare-gyaren zane ya faru. Sabon samfurin "Imperial" ya ƙunshi kewayon octave biyu da rabi. Ƙarin samfuran sun sami goyan baya don fitowar siginar lantarki.

Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, wayar tarho ta yadu a Turai da Japan.

Matsayi a cikin kiɗa

Tun lokacin da aka fara shi, wayar vibraphone ta zama muhimmin bangaren kiɗan jazz. A cikin 1931 babban mashawarcin kaɗa Lionel Hampton ya rubuta waƙar "Les Hite Band". An yi imani da cewa wannan shi ne na farko rikodin rikodi tare da vibraphone. Daga baya Hampton ya zama memba na Goodman Jazz Quartet, inda ya ci gaba da amfani da sabon glockenspiel.

Mawaƙin Australiya Alban Berg shine farkon wanda ya fara amfani da wayar jijjiga a cikin kiɗan orchestral. A cikin 1937, Berg ya shirya wasan opera Lulu. Mawaƙin Faransa Olivier Messiaen ya gabatar da maki da dama ta amfani da wayar ƙarfe. Daga cikin ayyukan Messiaen akwai Tuarangalila, Juyin Yesu Almasihu, Saint Francis na Assisi.

Mawaƙin Rasha Igor Stravinsky ya rubuta "Requiem Canticles". Ƙirƙirar ɗabi'a ta hanyar amfani da wayar tarho.

A cikin 1960s Gary Burton, mai jijjiga ya sami farin jini. Mawaƙin ya bambanta kansa ta hanyar ƙirƙira a cikin samar da sauti. Gary ya haɓaka dabarun wasa da sanduna huɗu a lokaci guda, 2 a kowace hannu. Sabuwar dabarar ta ba da damar yin wasa hadaddun abubuwa daban-daban. Wannan hanya ta canza ra'ayi na kayan aiki a matsayin ɗan iyakance.

Sha'ani mai ban sha'awa

An sabunta vibraphone daga Deagan a cikin 1928 yana ɗauke da sunan hukuma "vibra-harp". Sunan ya fito ne daga maɓallan da aka jera a tsaye, wanda ya sa kayan aikin ya yi kama da garaya.

An yi rikodin waƙar Soviet mai suna "Moscow Evenings" ta amfani da wayar tarho. Waƙar farko ta faru a cikin fim din "A cikin kwanakin Spartakiad" a 1955. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: fim din ya tafi ba tare da la'akari ba, amma waƙar ya sami karbuwa sosai. Abun da ke ciki ya sami karɓuwa da yawa bayan fara watsa shirye-shirye a rediyo.

Mawaƙi Bernard Herrmann ya yi amfani da wayar tarho a cikin sautin sauti na fina-finai da yawa. Daga cikin ayyukansa akwai zanen "Fahrenheit 451" da masu ban sha'awa na Alfred Hitchcock.