Daidaitawa |
Jituwa shine ginshiƙi na rakiyar jituwa ga kowane waƙa, da kuma haɗin kai da kanta. Ana iya daidaita waƙar iri ɗaya ta hanyoyi daban-daban; kowane daidaitawa, kamar yadda yake, yana ba shi fassarar jituwa daban-daban (bambancin jituwa). Duk da haka, mafi mahimmancin abubuwa (salo na gaba ɗaya, ayyuka, gyare-gyare, da dai sauransu) na mafi daidaituwa na dabi'a an ƙaddara su ta hanyar modal da tsarin shiga ƙasa na waƙar kanta.
Magance matsalolin daidaita waƙa shine babbar hanyar koyar da jituwa. Daidaita waƙar wani kuma na iya zama aikin fasaha. Wani muhimmin mahimmanci shi ne daidaita wakokin jama'a, wanda J. Haydn da L. Beethoven suka rigaya suka yi jawabi. An kuma yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin kiɗan Rasha; Mawaƙan gargajiya na Rasha ne suka ƙirƙira fitattun misalansa (MA Balakirev, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, AK Lyadov, da sauransu). Sun dauki daidaita wakokin gargajiya na Rasha a matsayin daya daga cikin hanyoyin samar da harshen jituwa na kasa. Shirye-shirye da yawa na waƙoƙin jama'a na Rasha, waɗanda mawaƙan gargajiya na Rasha suka yi, ana tattara su cikin tarin daban-daban; Bugu da kari, ana samun su a cikin nasu abubuwan da aka tsara (operas, ayyukan symphonic, kiɗan ɗakin).
Wasu waƙoƙin gargajiya na Rasha sun sha samun fassarori daban-daban masu jituwa waɗanda suka dace da salon kowane mawaƙa da takamaiman ayyukan fasaha da ya kafa wa kansa:
HA Rimsky-Korsakov. Wakokin gargajiya dari na Rasha. No 11, "Wani jariri ya fito."
MP Mussorgsky. "Khovanshchina". Waƙar Marfa "Yarinyar ta fito."
An mai da hankali sosai ga daidaita wakokin jama'a ta hanyar fitattun mawakan kida na sauran al'ummar Rasha (NV Lysenko a Ukraine, Komitas a Armeniya). Yawancin mawaƙa na ƙasashen waje kuma sun juya zuwa daidaitawar waƙoƙin jama'a (L. Janacek a Czechoslovakia, B. Bartok a Hungary, K. Szymanowski a Poland, M. de Falla a Spain, Vaughan Williams a Ingila, da sauransu).
Daidaitawar kiɗan jama'a ya jawo hankalin mawakan Soviet (SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, AV Aleksandrov a cikin RSFSR, LN Revutsky a Ukraine, AL Stepanyan a Armenia, da dai sauransu) . Haɗin kai kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a rubuce-rubuce da fastoci daban-daban.
References: Kastalsky A., Mahimman abubuwan da ake kira polyphony na jama'a, M.-L., 1948; Tarihi na Rasha Soviet Music, vol. 2, M., 1959, shafi. 83-110, aya 3, M., 1959, shafi na. 75-99, aya 4, Sashe na 1, M., 1963, shafi na. 88-107; Evseev S., Rikicin jama'a na Rasha, M., 1960, Dubovsky I., Mafi sauƙin tsarin waƙar gargajiya na Rasha da ɗakunan murya biyu-uku, M., 1964. Duba kuma lit. karkashin labarin Harmony.
Yu. G. Kon
