Organum |

Late Lat. Organum, daga Girkanci. organon - kayan aiki

Sunan gaba ɗaya na da yawa. farkon nau'ikan Turai. polyphony (karshen 9th - tsakiyar 13th ƙarni). Da farko, kawai muryar da ke tare da ita ana kiranta O., daga baya kalmar ta zama nadi ga nau'in polyphony. A cikin ma'ana mai faɗi, O. ya haɗa da komai daga farkon zamanai na tsakiya. polyphony; a cikin kunkuntar daya, ta farko, m siffofin (daidaitacce motsi a cikin hudu da biyar, kuma tare da Bugu da kari na su octave kari), sabanin waɗanda aka ɓullo da a cikin tsarin na O. da kuma samu nasu. sunayen iri da nau'ikan polygols. haruffa.

O. ya rufe da yawa. Makarantun polygonal. haruffa, haka ma, ba ko da yaushe genetically alaka da juna. Babban nau'ikan O. (da kuma manyan matakai na ci gaban tarihinsa): a layi daya (ƙarni na 9-10); kyauta (11th - tsakiyar karni na 12); melismatic (karni na 12); metrized (karshen 12th - 1st rabin karni na 13).

A tarihi O., a fili, ya rigaya abin da ake kira. paraphony a ƙarshen kiɗan Roman (bisa ga bayanin da ke fitowa daga Ordo romanum, 7-8 ƙarni; wasu mawaƙa na Paparoma Schola Cantorum ana kiransu paraphonists; ana ɗauka cewa sun rera a layi daya na huɗu da na biyar). Kalmar "organicum melos", kusa da ma'anar "O.", John Scotus Eriugena ya fara cin karo da shi ("De divisione naturae", 866). Samfuran O. na farko da suka zo mana suna ƙunshe cikin ƙa'idar da ba a san su ba. yayi lissafin "Musica enchiriadis" da "Scholia enchiriadis" (ƙarni na tara). O. ya dogara ne a nan akan waƙar mawaƙa, wadda aka kwafi ta da cikakkiyar baƙaƙe. Muryar da ke jagorantar waƙar mawaƙa, naz. principalis (vox principalis - babbar murya), da kuma (daga baya) tenor (tenor - rike); murya mai kwafi - organalis (vox organalis - gaba, ko organum, murya). Ba a fayyace waƙar ba daidai ba, muryoyin suna monorhythmic (ƙa'ida ta punctus contra punctum ko nota contra notam). Baya ga layi daya da ke kaiwa zuwa kwata ko na biyar, akwai sautuna biyu na octave (aequisonae – daidai sauti):

Samfuran gaɓoɓin gaɓoɓi ɗaya daga cikin littattafan Musica enchiriadis (saman) da Scholia enchiriadis (ƙasa).

Daga baya turanci. O.'s iri-iri - gimel (cantus gemellus; gemellus - biyu, tagwaye) yana ba da damar motsi cikin kashi uku (sanannen samfurin gimel shine yabon St. Magnus Nobilis, humilis).

A zamanin Guido d'Arezzo, wani nau'in O. ya samo asali - O., ko diaphonia kyauta (da farko kalmar "diaphonia" ta kimiyya ce da ka'idar, da "O." - zane mai amfani na yau da kullum na abu iri ɗaya; A farkon karni na 12, kalmomin "diaphonia" da "o." sun zama ma'anar fasaha daban-daban). Hakanan yana da monorhythmic, amma muryoyin da ke cikin sa ba su da layi; motsi na kai tsaye, juzu'i, da kuma ƙetare muryoyin ana amfani da su sosai. Bayanin ka'idoji da misalai na O. - a cikin Guido d'Arezzo a cikin Microlog (c. 1025-26), a cikin littafin Milanese Ad Organum faciendum (c. 1150), a cikin John Cotton a cikin aikinsa De musica ( kimanin 1100); wasu kafofin sune Winchester Troparion (rabin farko na karni na 1), rubuce-rubucen gidajen ibada na Saint-Martial (Limoges, c. 11) da Santiago de Compostela (c. 1150). Free O. (kazalika a layi daya) yawanci ana magana da murya biyu.

Samfurin organum daga rubutun "Ad Organum faciendum".

O. parallel da O. kyauta, bisa ga nau'in rubutu na gabaɗaya, yakamata a danganta su da luwaɗi (a matsayin nau'in rumbun ajiya ko matsananciyar muryoyinsa) fiye da yawan sautin murya a ma'anar da aka saba.

An haifi sabon kiɗa a cikin ɗakin ajiyar O. - polyphony bisa jituwa na jituwa na tsaye. Wannan babban tarihi ne darajar O., wanda ke nuna layi mai kaifi tsakanin ainihin monodic. tunani a cikin al'adun kiɗa na duk dr. duniya (ciki har da sauran Gabas), yayin da farkon nau'ikan Almasihu guda ɗaya. waƙa (millennium na farko AD), a gefe guda, kuma bisa ga wannan sabuwar jituwa (ta nau'in - polyphonic), Sabuwar al'adun Yammacin Yamma, a daya bangaren. Saboda haka, jujjuyawar ƙarni na 1-9 na ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmanci a cikin kiɗa. labarai. A cikin ɓangarorin da suka biyo baya (har zuwa karni na 10), an sabunta kiɗan sosai, amma ya kasance mai yawan magana. Ko da a cikin tsarin O. na kyauta, wani lokaci ana samun adawa ga sauti ɗaya na manyan mutane da yawa a cikin organalis. Wannan hanyar rubutu ta zama babba a cikin melismatic. A. Tsawaita sautin teno (punctus organicus, punctus organalis) yana da yawa. sauti zuwa wani dogon waƙa:

Organum daga rubuce-rubuce na gidan ibada na Saint-Martial.

Melismatic O. (diaphonie basilica) tuni yana da sautin murya mai faɗi. hali. Samfurin melismatic. O. - a cikin lambobin Santiago de Compostela, Saint-Martial, kuma musamman makarantar Paris na Notre Dame (a cikin "Magnus liber organi" na Leonin, wanda ake kira optimus organista - mafi kyawun kwayoyin halitta, a cikin ma'anar "mafi kyawun kwayoyin halitta". ”). A cikin con. Karni na 12, ban da hadisai. masu murya biyu (dupla) O., samfurori na farko na masu murya uku (tripla) har ma da murya hudu (quadrupla) sun bayyana. A yawancin muryoyin Organalis suna da sunaye: duplum (duplum - second), triplum (triplum - three) da quadruplum (quadruplum - hudu). Liturgich. har yanzu tenor yana riƙe da ma'anar ch. zabe. Godiya ga melismatic. Ƙwatar kowane sautin mai ɗorewa na tenor, jimillar sikelin abun ya ƙaru zuwa tsawon tsawon sau goma.

Yaduwar tsarin raye-raye da kuma tsantsar daidaitawar Ikilisiya (daga karshen karni na 12) sun shaida tasirin abubuwan da suka yi nisa da salon liturgical na asali. tushe, kuma haɗa O. tare da masu zaman kansu da Nar. fasaha. Wannan ita ce faɗuwar kwat ɗin O. A cikin organum na Leonin, melismatic. sassa na abun da ke ciki suna canzawa tare da masu awo. A bayyane yake, an kuma ƙaddara ma'auni ta hanyar karuwar yawan muryoyin: ƙungiyar fiye da muryoyin biyu sun sanya sautin su daidai. daidaitawa. Vershina O. – biyu-, uku- har ma hudu Op. Perotin (Makarantar Notre Dame), mai suna optimus dis-cantor (mafi kyawun disantist):

Perotin A hankali "Sederunt Principes" (c. 1199); organum quadruplum.

A cikin tsarin O., modal rhythm da kwaikwayo sun bayyana (Saint-Martial, Notre-Dame), da musayar murya (Notre-Dame).

A cikin karni na 12-13. O. ya haɗu cikin fasahar motet, farkon misalan waɗanda suke kusa da ma'aunin O.

A cikin tarihinsa, O. - waƙa ita ce solo da gungu, kuma ba mawaƙa ba, wanda har yanzu ya kasance monophonic (a cewar G. Khusman). Biyu- da polyphony O. adon coci ne. rera wakoki, irin wa]annan wa}o}in an fara rera wa]ansu ne a lokacin bukukuwa/ lokuta (misali hidimar Kirsimeti). Bisa ga wasu bayanai, an yi farkon O. tare da sa hannu na kayan aiki.

References: Gruber RI, Tarihin al'adun kiɗa, vol. 1, sashi na 1-2, M.-L., 1941; Riemann H., Geschichte der Musiktheorie im IX.-XIX. Jahrhundert, Lpz., 1898; Handschin J., Zur Geschichte der Lehre vom Organum, “ZfMw”, 1926, Jg. 8, Zafi 6; Chevallier L., Les theories harmoniques, a cikin littafin: Encyclopédie de la musique …, (n. 1), P., 1925 (Fassarar Rasha – Chevalier L., Tarihin rukunan jituwa, ed. kuma tare da ƙari MV Ivanov-Boretsky, Moscow, 1932); Wagner R., La paraphonie "Revue de Musicologie", 1928, No 25; Perotinus: Organum quadruplum “Sederunt Principes”, hrsg. v.R. Ficker, W.-Lpz., 1930; Besseler H., Die Musik des Mittelalters und der Renaissance, Potsdam, (1937); Georgiades Thr., Musik und Sprache, B.-Gott.-Hdlb., (1954); Jammers E., Anfänge der abendländischen Musik, Stras.-Kehl, 1955; Waeltner E., Das Organum bis zur Mitte des 11. Jahrhunderts, Hdlb., 1955 (Diss.); Chominski JM, Historia harmonii i kontrapunktu, t. 1, (Kr., 1958) (Fassarar Yukren: Khominsky Y., Tarihin jituwa da ƙima, juzu'i na 1, Kiev, 1975); Dahlhaus G., Zur Theorie des frehen Organum, “Kirchenmusikalisches Jahrbuch”, 1958, (Bd 42); nasa, Zur Theorie des Organum im XII. Jahrhundert, ibid., 1964, (Bd 48); Machabey A., Remarques sur le Winchester Troper, a cikin: Festschrift H. Besseler, Lpz., 1961; Eggebrecht H., Zaminer F., Ad Organum faciendum, Mainz, 1970; Gerold Th., Histoire de la musique…, NY, 1971; Besseler H., Güke P., Schriftbild der mehrstimmigen Musik, Lpz., (1); Reskow F., Organum-Begriff und frühe Mehrstimmigkeit, a cikin: Dandalin musicologicum. 1. Basler Studien zur Musikgeschichte, Bd 1973, Bern, 1.

Yu. H. Kholopov