Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky |

Mafi kyawun Mussorgsky

Rayuwa, duk inda ta shafi; gaskiya, ko ta yaya gishiri, m, na gaskiya magana ga mutane ... - wannan shi ne yistina, wannan shi ne abin da nake so kuma wannan shi ne abin da zan ji tsoron rasa. Daga wasiƙar M. Mussorgsky zuwa V. Stasov mai kwanan wata 7 ga Agusta, 1875

Abin da fa'idar fa'ida ce, duniyar fasaha, idan an ɗauki mutum a matsayin manufa! Daga wasiƙar M. Mussorgsky zuwa A. Golenishchev-Kutuzov mai kwanan wata 17 ga Agusta, 1875

Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky yana daya daga cikin masu kirkiro masu jaruntaka na karni na XNUMX, ƙwararren mawaki wanda ya yi nisa kafin lokacinsa kuma yana da tasiri mai yawa ga ci gaban fasahar kiɗan Rasha da Turai. Ya rayu a cikin wani zamani mafi girma na ruhaniya, canje-canje masu zurfi na zamantakewa; shi ne lokacin da rayuwar jama'a ta Rasha ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga tada tunanin kai na kasa a tsakanin masu fasaha, lokacin da ayyuka suka bayyana daya bayan daya, daga abin da ya faru. numfasa sabo, sabon abu kuma, mafi mahimmanci, ban mamaki ainihin gaskiya da shayari na ainihin rayuwar Rasha (I. Repin).

Daga cikin mutanen zamaninsa, Mussorgsky ya kasance mafi aminci ga manufofin dimokiradiyya, wanda ba shi da ra'ayin yin hidima ga gaskiyar rayuwa. komai gishiri, kuma ya damu da ra'ayoyi masu ƙarfin zuciya wanda ko abokai masu ra'ayi sau da yawa suna mamakin yanayin neman fasaha nasa kuma ba koyaushe ya yarda da su ba. Mussorgsky ya shafe shekarun kuruciyarsa a cikin gidan mai mallakar gida a cikin yanayin rayuwar manoman ubanni kuma daga baya ya rubuta a cikin Bayanan tarihin rayuwa, menene daidai Sanin ruhun rayuwar al'ummar Rasha shine babban abin ƙarfafawa don haɓaka kiɗan… Kuma ba kawai ingantawa ba. Ɗan’uwa Filaret daga baya ya tuna: A cikin samartaka da kuruciya da kuma riga a cikin girma (Mussorgsky. - OA) ko da yaushe bi da duk abin da jama'a da kuma baƙauye da musamman soyayya, dauke da Rasha baƙauye a hakikanin mutum.

An gano basirar waƙar yaron da wuri. A cikin shekara ta bakwai, karatu a karkashin jagorancin mahaifiyarsa, ya riga ya taka leda mai sauki qagaggun F. Liszt a kan piano. Duk da haka, babu wani a cikin iyali da gaske ya yi tunani game da makomar kiɗansa. Bisa ga al'adar iyali, a cikin 1849 an kai shi zuwa St. Wannan ya kasance alatu casemate, inda suka yi karatu soja ballet, da kuma bin ka'idar da'awar dole ne ku yi biyayya, kuma ku ci gaba da yin tunani ga kanku, buga fitar a kowace hanya mai yiwuwa wauta daga kaikarfafawa a bayan fage na shagala marar amfani. Tushen ruhaniya na Mussorgsky a cikin wannan yanayin ya kasance mai sabani sosai. Ya yi fice a fannin ilimin soja, wanda a kan haka an girmama shi da kulawa ta musamman… ta sarki; ya kasance maraba da halartar liyafa inda ya buga wasan polka da quadrilles tsawon dare. Amma a lokaci guda, sha'awar ci gaba mai tsanani ya sa ya yi nazarin harsunan waje, tarihi, adabi, fasaha, darussan piano daga shahararren malamin nan A. Gerke, ya halarci wasan opera, duk da rashin jin daɗin hukumomin soja.

A 1856, bayan kammala karatu daga School Mussorgsky aka shiga a matsayin jami'in a Preobrazhensky Guards Regiment. A gabansa ya buɗe ƙwaƙƙwaran aikin soja. Duk da haka, saninsa a cikin hunturu na 1856/57 tare da A. Dargomyzhsky, Ts. Cui, M. Balakirev ya buɗe wasu hanyoyi, kuma a hankali lokacin juyi na ruhaniya ya zo. Mawaƙin da kansa ya rubuta game da shi: kusanci… tare da ƙwararrun mawaƙa, tattaunawa akai-akai da alaƙa mai ƙarfi tare da da'irar masana kimiyya da marubuta na Rasha, menene Vlad. Lamansky, Turgenev, Kostomarov, Grigorovich, Kavelin, Pisemsky, Shevchenko da sauransu, musamman m da kwakwalwa aiki na matasa mawaki kuma ya ba shi tsanani tsanani kimiyya shugabanci..

A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1858, Mussorgsky ya yi murabus. Duk da lallashin abokansa da ’yan’uwa, ya fasa aikin soja don kada wani abu ya dauke shi daga harkar waka. Mussorgsky ya cika da mamaki muguwar sha'awar sanin komai. Ya yi nazarin tarihin ci gaban fasaha na kiɗa, ya sake maimaita ayyukan da yawa daga L. Beethoven, R. Schumann, F. Schubert, F. Liszt, G. Berlioz a hannun 4 tare da Balakirev, ya karanta da yawa, yana tunani. Duk wannan yana tare da raguwa, rikice-rikice masu juyayi, amma a cikin nasara mai raɗaɗi na shakku, ƙarfin ƙirƙira ya ƙarfafa, an ƙirƙira wani ɗan adam na fasaha na asali, kuma an kafa matsayin kallon duniya. Mussorgsky yana ƙara sha'awar rayuwar jama'a. Bangaren sabo nawa ne, waɗanda fasaha ba ta taɓa su ba, suna cikin yanayin Rashanci, oh, nawa! ya rubuta a daya daga cikin wasikunsa.

Ayyukan kirkire-kirkire na Mussorgsky ya fara hadari. Aiki ya ci gaba rufe, kowane aiki ya buɗe sabon hangen nesa, ko da ba a kawo ƙarshensa ba. Don haka wasan operas ya kasance ba a gama ba Oedipus rex и salama, inda a karon farko marubucin ya yi ƙoƙari ya ƙunshi mafi sarƙaƙƙiya tsaka-tsakin saƙa na al'amuran mutane da ƙaƙƙarfan hali mara kyau. Wasan opera da ba a gama ba ta taka muhimmiyar rawa ga aikin Mussorgsky. aure (Aiki na 1, 1868), wanda, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Dargomyzhsky ta opera. dutse bako ya yi amfani da rubutun wasan kwaikwayo na N. Gogol, wanda kusan bai canza ba, ya kafa kansa aikin haifuwa na kiɗa Maganar ɗan adam a cikin dukkan ɓangarorin sa. Sha'awar da ra'ayin software, Mussorgsky halitta, kamar 'yan'uwansa a ciki hannu mai girma, da dama na symphonic ayyuka, daga cikinsu - Dare akan Dutsen Bald (1867). Amma mafi kyawun binciken fasaha an yi su ne a cikin 60s. a cikin waƙar murya. Waƙoƙi sun bayyana, inda a karon farko a cikin kiɗan wani gallery na nau'ikan jama'a, mutane wulakanci da cin mutunci: Kalistrat, Gopak, Svetik Savishna, Lullaby zuwa Eremushka, Marayu, Dauko namomin kaza. Ƙarfin Mussorgsky don dacewa da kuma daidaita yanayin rayuwa a cikin kiɗa yana da ban mamaki (Zan lura da wasu mutane, sa'an nan, a wani lokaci, Zan yi emboss), don sake yin magana mai fa'ida, don ba da hangen nesa na makirci akan mataki. Kuma mafi mahimmanci, waƙoƙin suna cike da irin wannan ƙarfin tausayi ga matalauta wanda a cikin kowane ɗayan su wata hujja ta yau da kullum ta tashi zuwa mataki na gaba ɗaya mai ban tsoro, zuwa ga cututtuka na zargi na zamantakewa. Ba daidaituwa ba ne cewa waƙar Seminarian aka censored!

Babban aikin Mussorgsky a cikin 60s. ya zama opera Boris Godunov (a kan shirin wasan kwaikwayo na A. Pushkin). Mussorgsky ya fara rubuta shi a cikin 1868 kuma a lokacin rani na 1870 ya gabatar da bugu na farko (ba tare da aikin Poland ba) ga gudanarwar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na daular, wanda ya ki amincewa da opera, wanda ake zargin saboda rashin sashin mace da kuma rikitarwa na masu karatu. . Bayan bita (daya daga cikin sakamakon wanda shi ne sanannen wurin kusa da Kromy), a 1873, tare da taimakon singer Yu. Platonova, 3 scenes daga opera aka shirya, da kuma Fabrairu 8, 1874, dukan opera (ko da yake tare da manyan cuts). Jama'a masu ra'ayin dimokuradiyya sun gaishe da sabon aikin Mussorgsky tare da sha'awar gaske. Koyaya, ƙarin makomar wasan opera ya kasance mai wahala, saboda wannan aikin ya fi yanke hukunci ya lalata ra'ayoyin da aka saba game da wasan opera. Duk abin da a nan ya kasance sabon: da acutely zamantakewa ra'ayin da irreconcilability na bukatun mutane da kuma sarauta ikon, da kuma zurfin da bayyana sha'awa da kuma haruffa, da kuma m hadaddun na m image na yaro-kashe sarki. Harshen kiɗa ya zama sabon abu, wanda Mussorgsky da kansa ya rubuta: Ta hanyar yin aiki da yaren ɗan adam, na isa waƙar da wannan yaren ya ƙirƙira, na kai ga yanayin rera waƙa..

Opera Boris Godunov - misali na farko na wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa na jama'a, inda mutanen Rasha suka bayyana a matsayin wani karfi wanda ke tasiri ga tarihin tarihi. A lokaci guda kuma, ana nuna mutane ta hanyoyi da yawa: taro, wahayi da wannan ra'ayi, da kuma hoton hotunan mutane kala-kala masu ban mamaki a cikin ingancin rayuwarsu. Makircin tarihi ya ba Mussorgsky damar ganowa ci gaban rayuwar ruhin mutane, fahimta baya a halin yanzu, don haifar da matsaloli da yawa - ɗabi'a, tunani, zamantakewa. Mawaƙin ya nuna mummunan halakar ƙungiyoyin jama'a da wajibcinsu na tarihi. Ya fito da babban ra'ayi don wasan opera trilogy wanda aka sadaukar don makomar mutanen Rasha a cikin mawuyacin hali, mai jujjuya tarihi. Duk da yake har yanzu aiki a kan Boris Godunov ya haƙura wani tunani Khovanshchina kuma nan da nan ya fara tattara kayan don Pugachev. Duk wannan da aka za'ayi tare da m sa hannu na V. Stasov, wanda a cikin 70s. ya kasance kusa da Mussorgsky kuma ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƴan kaɗan waɗanda suka fahimci mahimmancin manufar ƙirƙirar mawaƙi. Na sadaukar muku duk tsawon rayuwata lokacin da za a ƙirƙiri Khovanshchina… kun fara farawa, – Mussorgsky ya rubuta wa Stasov a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1872.

Aiki akan Khovanshchina Ci gaba da wahala - Mussorgsky ya juya zuwa abu mai nisa fiye da iyakokin wasan opera. Duk da haka, ya rubuta sosai (Aiki yana kan gaba!), Ko da yake yana da dogon katsewa saboda dalilai da yawa. A wannan lokacin, Mussorgsky yana da wahala tare da rushewa Balakirev, kwantar da hankali tare da Cui da Rimsky-Korsakov, Balakirev ya tashi daga ayyukan kiɗa da zamantakewa. Sabis na hukuma (tun 1868, Mussorgsky wani jami'i ne a Ma'aikatar gandun daji na Ma'aikatar Jiha) ya bar sa'o'i maraice da dare kawai don tsara kiɗan, kuma hakan ya haifar da matsanancin aiki mai ƙarfi da haɓaka baƙin ciki. Duk da haka, duk da komai, ikon kirkire-kirkire na mawaki a wannan lokacin yana da ban mamaki a cikin ƙarfinsa da wadatar ra'ayoyin fasaha. Tare da ban tausayi Khovanshchina Tun 1875 Mussorgsky yana aiki akan wasan opera mai ban dariya Sorochinsky Fair (a cewar Gogol). Wannan yana da kyau a matsayin ceton sojojin ƙirƙiraMussorgsky ne ya rubuta - Pudoviks biyu: "Boris" da "Khovanshchina" a kusa suna iya murkushe su… A lokacin rani na 1874, ya ƙirƙiri ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ayyukan adabin piano - zagayowar Hotuna daga nuninsadaukar da Stasov, wanda Mussorgsky ya kasance mai matukar godiya ga sa hannu da goyon bayansa: Babu wanda ya fi ku zafi fiye da yadda kuka ɗumama ni ta kowane fanni… babu wanda ya nuna mani hanya a sarari...

Manufar ita ce rubuta zagayowar Hotuna daga nunin ya taso ne a karkashin hoton wani baje kolin ayyukan da mai zane V. Hartmann ya yi a watan Fabrairun 1874. Abokin Mussorgsky ne na kud da kud, kuma mutuwarsa ta kwatsam ta girgiza mawakin sosai. Aikin ya ci gaba da sauri, mai tsanani: Sauti da tunani sun rataye a cikin iska, na haɗiye na ci abinci mai yawa, da kyar nake sarrafa kan takarda. Kuma a cikin layi daya, zagayowar murya guda 3 suna bayyana daya bayan daya: gandun daji (1872, a kan waqoqin kansa). Ba tare da rana ba (1874) da kuma Wakoki da raye-rayen mutuwa (1875-77 - duka a tashar A. Golnishchev-Kutuzov). Sun zama sakamakon gabaɗayan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ɗabi'a-vocal na mawaki.

Mai tsananin rashin lafiya, mai tsananin fama da bukata, kadaici, da rashin saninsa, Mussorgsky da taurin kai ya nace cewa zai yi yaƙi har zuwa digon jini na ƙarshe. Jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa, a lokacin rani na 1879, tare da singer D. Leonova, ya yi wani babban concert tafiya zuwa kudancin Rasha da kuma Ukraine, yi da music Glinka. kuchkist, Schubert, Chopin, Liszt, Schumann, sassan opera nasa Sorochinsky Fair kuma ya rubuta mahimman kalmomi: Rayuwa tana kira don sabon aikin kiɗa, babban aikin kiɗa… zuwa sababbin bakin ruwa yayin fasaha mara iyaka!

Ƙaddara ta yanke hukunci in ba haka ba. Lafiyar Mussorgsky ta tabarbare sosai. A cikin Fabrairu 1881 an sami bugun jini. An sanya Mussorgsky a asibitin soja na Nikolaevsky, inda ya mutu ba tare da samun lokaci don kammalawa ba Khovanshchina и Sorochyn gaskiya.

Dukan tarihin mawaƙa bayan mutuwarsa ya zo Rimsky-Korsakov. Ya gama Khovanshchina, an gudanar da wani sabon bugu Boris Godunov kuma sun sami nasarar samar da su akan matakin wasan opera na sarki. Da alama a gare ni cewa sunana har ma da Modest Petrovich, kuma ba Nikolai Andreevich baRimsky-Korsakov ya rubuta wa abokinsa. Sorochyn gaskiya A. Lyadov ya kammala.

Ƙaddamar mawaƙin yana da ban mamaki, sakamakon abubuwan da ya halitta na halitta yana da wuyar gaske, amma ɗaukakar Mussorgsky ba ta dawwama, domin kiɗa ya kasance a gare shi duka ji da tunani game da ƙaunataccen ƙaunataccen mutanen Rasha - waƙa game da shi(B. Asafiev).

O. Averyanova

Dan mai gida. Bayan ya fara aikin soja, ya ci gaba da karatun kiɗa a St. Yana sadarwa tare da Dargomyzhsky da Balakirev; yayi ritaya a 1858; 'yantar da talakawa a 1861 yana nunawa a cikin jin dadinsa na kudi. A cikin 1863, yayin da yake hidima a Sashen daji, ya zama memba na Mighty Handful. A shekara ta 1868, ya shiga hidimar ma'aikatar cikin gida, bayan ya shafe shekaru uku a kan kadarorin ɗan'uwansa da ke Minkino don inganta lafiyarsa. Tsakanin 1869 da 1874 ya yi aiki a kan daban-daban bugu na Boris Godunov. Da yake rashin lafiyarsa da ya riga ya yi rauni saboda radadin shan barasa, yakan yi rubuce-rubucen lokaci-lokaci. Yana zaune tare da abokai daban-daban, a 1874 - tare da Count Golnishchev-Kutuzov (marubucin wakoki da Mussorgsky ya saita zuwa kiɗa, alal misali, a cikin sake zagayowar "Waƙa da raye-raye na Mutuwa"). A 1879 ya yi wani babban nasara yawon shakatawa tare da singer Daria Leonova.

Shekaru lokacin da ra'ayin "Boris Godunov" ya bayyana da kuma lokacin da aka halicci wannan opera sune mahimmanci ga al'adun Rasha. A wannan lokacin, irin waɗannan marubutan kamar Dostoevsky da Tolstoy sun yi aiki, kuma matasa, kamar Chekhov, Wanderers sun tabbatar da fifikon abun ciki a kan tsari a cikin fasaha na haƙiƙa, wanda ya ƙunshi talaucin mutane, buguwar firistoci, da rashin tausayi. 'yan sanda. Vereshchagin ya kirkiro hotuna na gaskiya da aka sadaukar don yakin Russo-Japanese, kuma a cikin Apotheosis na War ya sadaukar da dala na kwanyar ga dukan masu nasara na baya, yanzu da kuma nan gaba; babban mai zanen hoto Repin shima ya juya zuwa wuri mai faɗi da zanen tarihi. Dangane da batun kiɗa, abin da ya fi dacewa a wannan lokacin shi ne "Maɗaukaki Handful", wanda ke da nufin ƙara mahimmancin makarantar ƙasa, ta hanyar amfani da almara na al'umma don ƙirƙirar hoto mai ban sha'awa na baya. A cikin tunanin Mussorgsky, makarantar kasa ta bayyana a matsayin wani abu mai dadadden tarihi, na gaske, marar motsi, ciki har da dabi'un jama'a na har abada, kusan abubuwa masu tsarki waɗanda za a iya samu a cikin addinin Orthodox, a cikin waƙoƙin jama'a, kuma a ƙarshe, a cikin harshen da har yanzu yana riƙe da iko. sonority na nesa kafofin. Ga wasu daga cikin tunaninsa, wanda aka bayyana a tsakanin 1872 da 1880 a cikin wasiƙu zuwa Stasov: "Ba shine karo na farko da za a karbi baƙar fata ba, amma kuna so ku karbi ba don takin ba, amma don albarkatun kasa, kada ku saba da mutane. amma ƙishirwa ga fraternization ... Chernozem ikon zai bayyana kanta a lokacin da har da sosai za ka tara da kasa ... “; “Hoton zane-zane na kyakkyawa guda ɗaya, a cikin ma'anarsa ta zahiri, rashin kunyan yara shine shekarun fasaha na yara. Mafi kyawun fasali na yanayi mutum kuma talakawan mutane, tsince mai ban haushi a cikin waɗannan ƙananan sanannun ƙasashe da cinye su - wannan shine ainihin aikin mai zane. Sana'ar mawaƙi a kullum takan sa ruhinsa mai girman kai, mai tawaye ya yunƙura don sabon, don gano abubuwan da suka faru, wanda ya haifar da ci gaba da sauye-sauye na abubuwan haɓakawa da ƙasa, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da katsewa a cikin aiki ko yaduwa ta hanyoyi da yawa. Mussorgsky ya rubuta wa Stasov ya ce: “Har irin wannan yanayi na tsananta wa kaina, “tabbas, kuma yayin da na tsananta, na zama na natsuwa. <...> Babu yanayi ga ƙananan abubuwa; duk da haka, abubuwan da ke tattare da ƙananan wasan kwaikwayon hutawa ne lokacin tunanin manyan halittu. Kuma a gare ni, yin tunani game da manyan halittu ya zama hutu… don haka duk abin da ke faruwa a gare ni - lalata.

Bugu da ƙari, manyan wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu, Mussorgsky ya fara kuma ya kammala wasu ayyuka na gidan wasan kwaikwayo, ba tare da ma'anar zagayowar raye-raye masu ban sha'awa ba (kyakkyawan yanayin magana mai kyau) da kuma shahararrun Hotuna masu ban sha'awa a wani nunin, wanda kuma ya ba da shaida ga babbar basirarsa a matsayinsa. dan wasan piano. Mai matukar ƙarfin hali, marubucin ƙwaƙƙwaran kwaikwayo na waƙoƙin jama'a, duka biyun solo da choral, waɗanda ke da hazaka mai ban mamaki na kiɗan mataki, koyaushe yana gabatar da ra'ayin gidan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya yi nisa da tsarin nishaɗi na al'ada, daga makircin ƙaunataccen zuwa Turai. melodrama (yafi soyayya), da mawaki ya ba da wani tarihi Genre, vitality, sculptural tsabta, kona wuta da irin wannan zurfin da hangen nesa tsabta cewa duk wani ambato na rhetoric gaba daya bace da kawai images na duniya muhimmancin zama. Ba wanda, kamar shi, wanda ya noma na musamman na ƙasa, almara na Rasha a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa har ya ƙi duk wani kwaikwayo na yamma. Amma a cikin zurfin harshen pan-Slavic, ya sami damar samun gamsuwa tare da wahala da jin daɗin kowane mutum, wanda ya bayyana tare da cikakke kuma koyaushe hanyoyin zamani.

G. Marchesi (E. Greceanii ya fassara)