Domenico Scarlatti |

Domenico Scarlatti

... Yin barkwanci da wasa, a cikin kade-kade da tsalle-tsalle masu ban mamaki, ya kafa sabbin fasahohin fasaha… K. Kuznetsov

Daga cikin dukan daular Scarlatti - daya daga cikin mafi shahara a tarihin kiɗa - Giuseppe Domenico, ɗan Alessandro Scarlatti, daidai da shekarun JS Bach da GF Handel, ya sami babbar daraja. D. Scarlatti ya shiga tarihin al'adun kade-kade da farko a matsayin daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kidan piano, wanda ya kirkiro salon harpsichord na virtuoso.

An haifi Scarlatti a Naples. Ya kasance dalibin mahaifinsa kuma fitaccen mawaƙin G. Hertz, kuma yana ɗan shekara 16 ya zama organist kuma mawaƙi na Neapolitan Royal Chapel. Amma ba da daɗewa ba mahaifin ya aika Domenico zuwa Venice. A. Scarlatti ya bayyana dalilan da ya sa ya yanke shawarar a wata wasiƙa zuwa ga Duke Alessandro Medici: “Na tilasta masa barin Naples, inda akwai isasshen sarari don gwanintarsa, amma basirarsa ba don irin wannan wuri ba ne. Ɗana mikiya ne wanda fuka-fukansa suka girma..." Shekaru 4 na karatu tare da fitaccen marubucin Italiyanci F. Gasparini, masaniya da abota da Handel, sadarwa tare da sanannen B. Marcello - duk wannan ba zai iya ba amma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsarawa. Hazakar waƙar Scarlatti.

Idan Venice a cikin rayuwar mawaki ya kasance wani lokaci koyarwa da ingantawa, to, a Roma, inda ya koma godiya ga Cardinal Ottoboni, lokacin da ya fara balaga. Da'irar haɗin kiɗan Scarlatti ya haɗa da B. Pasquini da A. Corelli. Ya rubuta operas ga sarauniyar Poland Maria Casimira da ke gudun hijira; daga 1714 ya zama mai kula da makada a Vatican, ya kirkiro kida mai tsarki. A wannan lokacin, ɗaukakar Scarlatti mai yin wasan tana haɓaka. Bisa ga abubuwan tunawa na ɗan ƙasar Irish Thomas Rosengrave, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga shaharar mawaƙin a Ingila, bai taɓa jin irin waɗannan nassosi da tasirin da suka wuce kowane mataki na kamala ba, "kamar akwai shaidanu dubu a bayan kayan aikin." Scarlatti, mawakin kide-kide virtuoso harpsichordist, an san shi a ko'ina cikin Turai. Naples, Florence, Venice, Rome, London, Lisbon, Dublin, Madrid - wannan shi ne kawai a cikin mafi yawan sharuddan yanayin yanayin saurin motsi na mawaƙa a cikin manyan biranen duniya. Kotunan da suka fi tasiri a Turai sun ba da ƙwararren mai wasan kide-kide, masu rawani sun bayyana ra'ayinsu. A cewar tarihin Farinelli, abokin mawaƙin, Scarlatti yana da kaɗe-kaɗe da kaɗe-kaɗe da aka yi a ƙasashe daban-daban. Mawaƙin ya sanya wa kowane kayan aiki sunan wani shahararren ɗan wasan Italiyanci, gwargwadon ƙimar da yake da shi ga mawaƙin. Mawakin da Scarlatti ya fi so shine sunansa "Raphael na Urbino".

A cikin 1720, Scarlatti ya bar Italiya har abada kuma ya tafi Lisbon zuwa kotun Infanta Maria Barbara a matsayin malaminta kuma mai kula da makada. A cikin wannan sabis ɗin, ya ciyar da rabin na biyu na rayuwarsa: daga baya, Maria Barbara ta zama sarauniyar Mutanen Espanya (1729) kuma Scarlatti ya bi ta zuwa Spain. Anan ya yi magana da mawaki A. Soler, wanda ta hanyar aikinsa tasirin Scarlatti ya shafi fasahar clavier na Spain.

Daga cikin ɗumbin gadon mawaƙin (wasan kwaikwayo 20, ca. 20 oratorios da cantatas, kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide kide guda 12,Masses,2 “Miserere”, “Stabat mater”) ayyukan clavier sun riƙe darajar fasaha mai ɗorewa. A cikinsu ne gwanin Scarlatti ya bayyana kansa tare da cikar gaskiya. Mafi cikakken tarin sonatas na motsi guda ɗaya ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi 555. Mawaƙin da kansa ya kira su motsa jiki kuma ya rubuta a cikin gabatarwar bugu na rayuwarsa: “Kada ku jira – ko kai ƙwararren mai son ne ko ƙwararre – cikin waɗannan ayyukan shiri mai zurfi; ka ɗauke su a matsayin wasa don ka saba da fasahar mawaƙa.” Waɗannan ayyuka na bravura da wayo suna cike da sha'awa, haske da ƙirƙira. Suna haifar da ƙungiyoyi tare da hotunan opera-buffa. Yawancin a nan ya fito ne daga salon violin na Italiya na zamani, kuma daga kiɗan rawa na jama'a, ba Italiyanci kawai ba, har ma da Mutanen Espanya da Portuguese. Ƙa'idar jama'a an haɗa su ta musamman tare da sheki na aristocracy; ingantawa - tare da samfurori na nau'in sonata. Musamman clavier virtuosity sabon abu ne: yin rijistar, tsallaka hannu, manyan tsalle-tsalle, karyewar kide-kide, wurare masu rubutu biyu. Kiɗa na Domenico Scarlatti ya sha wahala mai wahala. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar mawakiyar, an manta da ita; rubuce-rubucen kasidu sun ƙare a cikin ɗakunan karatu da ɗakunan ajiya daban-daban; Makin operatic kusan duk sun ɓace ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba. A cikin karni na XNUMX sha'awar hali da aikin Scarlatti ya fara farfadowa. An gano yawancin al'adunsa kuma an buga su, sun zama sanannun jama'a kuma sun shiga asusun zinare na al'adun kiɗa na duniya.

I. Vetlitsyna