Charles Ives |

Charles Ives

Wataƙila, idan mawaƙa na farkon karni na XX. kuma a jajibirin yakin duniya na farko, sun koyi cewa mawaki C. Ives yana zaune a Amurka kuma ya ji ayyukansa, da sun dauke su a matsayin wani nau'i na gwaji, sha'awar, ko kuma ba za su lura ba: ya kansa da kuma ƙasar da ya shuka a kai. Amma ba wanda ya san Ives - na dogon lokaci bai yi komai ba don inganta kiɗan sa. “Ganowa” Ives ya faru ne kawai a ƙarshen 30s, lokacin da ya bayyana cewa da yawa (kuma, ƙari, mabanbanta) hanyoyin sabbin rubuce-rubucen kiɗan sun riga sun gwada ta hanyar mawaƙin Amurka na asali a zamanin A. Scriabin, C. Debussy da G. Mahler. A lokacin da Ives ya zama sananne, ya yi shekaru da yawa bai tsara kiɗa ba kuma, rashin lafiya mai tsanani, ya yanke hulɗa da duniyar waje. "Wani bala'i na Amurka" ya kira makomar Ives daya daga cikin mutanen zamaninsa. An haifi Ives a cikin dangin jagoran soja. Mahaifinsa ya kasance mai gwaji marar gajiyawa - wannan hali ya wuce ga dansa, (alal misali, ya umurci mawaƙa biyu da ke zuwa ga juna don yin ayyuka daban-daban.) "buɗe" na aikinsa, wanda ya shafe, mai yiwuwa, duk abin da ke sauti. A da yawa daga cikin abubuwan da ya yi, echoes of puritan addini yabo, jazz, minstrel wasan kwaikwayo sauti. Yayinda yake yaro, Charles ya girma akan kiɗa na mawaƙa biyu - JS Bach da S. Foster (abokin mahaifin Ives, "Bard" na Amurka, marubucin waƙoƙin da aka fi sani da ballads). Mahimmanci, baƙo ga kowane hali na banza ga kiɗa, kyakkyawan tsarin tunani da ji, daga baya Ives zai yi kama da Bach.

Ives ya rubuta ayyukansa na farko don ƙungiyar soja (ya buga kida a cikinta), yana ɗan shekara 14 ya zama ƙungiyar coci a garinsu. Amma kuma ya buga piano a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo, yana inganta ragtime da sauran guda. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Yale (1894-1898), inda ya yi karatu tare da X. Parker (composition) da D. Buck (organist), Ives yana aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar coci a New York. Sannan ya yi shekaru da yawa yana aiki a matsayin magatakarda a kamfanin inshora kuma ya yi shi da tsananin sha'awa. Daga baya, a cikin 20s, motsawa daga kiɗa, Ives ya zama dan kasuwa mai cin nasara kuma ƙwararren ƙwararren (mawallafin shahararrun ayyukan) akan inshora. Yawancin ayyukan Ives sun kasance na nau'ikan kaɗe-kaɗe da kiɗan ɗaki. Shi ne marubucin biyar symphonies, overtures, shirye-shirye aiki don makada (Uku Villages a New England, Central Park a cikin Dark), biyu kirtani quartets, biyar sonatas ga violin, biyu na pianoforte, guda ga gabobin, mawaka da kuma fiye da 100 waƙoƙi. Ives ya rubuta yawancin manyan ayyukansa na dogon lokaci, sama da shekaru da yawa. A cikin Piano Sonata na Biyu (1911-15), mawaƙin ya biya haraji ga magabata na ruhaniya. Kowane ɓangaren sa yana nuna hoton ɗaya daga cikin masana falsafar Amurka: R. Emerson, N. Hawthorne, G. Topo; duk sonata yana ɗauke da sunan wurin da waɗannan masana falsafa suka rayu (Concord, Massachusetts, 1840-1860). Ra'ayoyinsu sun kafa tushen ra'ayin duniya na Ives (misali, ra'ayin haɗe rayuwar ɗan adam tare da rayuwar yanayi). Fasahar Ives tana da halin ɗabi'a mai girma, bincikensa bai taɓa zama na yau da kullun ba, amma ƙoƙari ne mai tsanani don bayyana ɓoyayyun yuwuwar da ke cikin ainihin yanayin sauti.

Kafin sauran mawaƙa, Ives ya zo ga yawancin hanyoyin magana na zamani. Daga gwaje-gwajen mahaifinsa tare da mawaƙa daban-daban, akwai hanyar kai tsaye zuwa polytonality (sautin lokaci guda na maɓalli da yawa), kewaye, sautin "stereoscopic" da aleatorics (lokacin da rubutun kiɗan ba a daidaita shi ba, amma ya taso daga haɗuwa da abubuwa kowane lokaci. sabuwa, kamar dai kwatsam). Babban aikin na ƙarshe na Ives (wasan kwaikwayo na “Duniya” da ba a gama ba) ya haɗa da tsara ƙungiyar makaɗa da mawaƙa a sararin sama, a cikin duwatsu, a wurare daban-daban a sararin samaniya. Sashe biyu na wasan kwaikwayo (Kiɗa na Duniya da Kiɗa na Sama) dole ne su yi sauti… a lokaci ɗaya, amma sau biyu, ta yadda masu sauraro za su iya karkata hankalinsu ga kowane. A cikin wasu ayyukan, Ives ya tunkari ƙungiyar kiɗan atonal kafin A. Schoenberg.

Sha'awar shiga cikin hanji na sautin sauti ya jagoranci Ives zuwa tsarin sautin kwata, wanda ba a sani ba ga kiɗa na gargajiya. Ya rubuta Sautin Sautin Quarter Uku don Pianos Biyu (wanda aka dace daidai) da kuma labarin "Sha'awar Sautin Quarter".

Ives ya sadaukar fiye da shekaru 30 don tsara kiɗa, kuma a cikin 1922 ne kawai ya buga ayyuka da yawa a kan kuɗin kansa. A cikin shekaru 20 na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, Ives ya yi ritaya daga duk kasuwancin, wanda aka sauƙaƙe ta hanyar ƙara makanta, cututtukan zuciya da tsarin juyayi. A cikin 1944, don girmama Ives' 70th birthday, an shirya wani wasan kwaikwayo na jubilee a Los Angeles. Manyan mawakan ƙarni namu sun yaba da waƙarsa sosai. I. Stravinsky ya taɓa lura: “Kiɗan Ives sun gaya mani fiye da mawallafin marubuta da ke kwatanta Yammacin Amurka… Na gano sabon fahimtar Amurka a ciki.”

K. Zankin