Gusli: bayanin kayan aiki, tarihi, iri, sauti, abun da ke ciki, amfani

Abu na farko da ya zo a hankali tare da kalmar "Kayan kaɗe-kaɗe na Rasha" shine gusli. Bayan sun bayyana shekaru da yawa da suka wuce, har yanzu ba su rasa ƙasa: sha'awar su daga bangaren masu wasan kwaikwayo kawai yana karuwa a cikin shekaru.

Menene gusli

Ana kiran Ghouls tsohon kayan aikin Rasha wanda ke cikin nau'in kida na kirtani, kayan kida.

A zamanin da, akwai nau'ikan kayan kida iri-iri masu kama da garaya.

• garaya;
• kifara;
• girma;
• kayan zaki;
• gwangwani;
• Santoor na Iran;
• Lithuanian kankles;
• Latvia kokle;
• Canon Armeniya.

garaya na zamani tsarin trapezoidal ne tare da shimfidar igiyoyi. Suna da sauti mai ƙarfi, sauti, amma taushi. Kura ta cika, tana da wadata, tana tunawa da kukan tsuntsaye, gunagunin rafi.

Tsohuwar ƙirƙira na Rasha wani muhimmin sashi ne na ƙungiyar kade-kade na jama'a, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, kuma mawaƙa na ƙungiyoyin jama'a ke amfani da su.

Na'urar kayan aiki

Duk da yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan, duk samfuran suna da ƙira iri ɗaya, mahimman bayanan su sune:

• Frame Abubuwan samarwa - itace. Yana da abubuwa uku: saman saman, bene na kasa, harsashi da ke haɗa kullun a tarnaƙi. Babban bene an yi shi da spruce, itacen oak, yana da rami mai resonator a tsakiya, wanda ke taimakawa wajen tsawaita sauti, ya sa ya fi karfi, ya fi kyau. Ƙananan bene an yi shi da maple, Birch, goro. Bangaren gaba na harka yana sanye da faranti mai fil, madaidaicin gyaran turakun, da tsayawa. Daga ciki, jikin yana sanye da sandunan katako masu liƙa a tsaye waɗanda ke ƙara juriya da rarraba girgizar sauti daidai gwargwado.
• igiyoyi. Nawa igiyoyi na kayan aiki ya dogara gaba ɗaya akan nau'in sa. Yawan ya bambanta daga ƴan guntuka zuwa dozin da yawa. Zargin yana shimfiɗa kusan jikin duka, ana daidaita shi akan fil ɗin ƙarfe.
• mariƙin igiya. Wani shingen katako da aka sanya tsakanin igiyoyin da aka shimfiɗa da saman bene. Yana taimakawa kirtani don girgiza cikin yardar kaina, yana ƙara sauti.

Tarihi

Gusli na ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin kayan aikin duniya. Tarihin su ya fara ne a zamanin d ¯ a, ba shi yiwuwa a tantance ainihin ranar haihuwa. Mai yiwuwa, ra'ayin samar da irin wannan kayan aiki na zamanin d ¯ a ya kasance ta hanyar baka: tare da tashin hankali mai karfi, yana yin sauti mai dadi ga kunne.

Gusli na Rasha, a fili, ya samo sunansa daga kalmar Slavic "gusla", wanda aka fassara a matsayin baka.

Kusan kowace al'umma a duniya tana da irin kayan kidan zaren. A cikin tsohuwar Rasha, tun kafin bayyanar da shaidar da aka rubuta, an nuna guslars a cikin zane-zane. An samo samfurori na daɗaɗɗen adadi mai yawa a lokacin binciken kayan tarihi na archaeological. Jaruman almara na almara (Sadko, Dobrynya Nikitich) sun kasance gogaggun masu garaya.

Wannan kayan aiki a Rasha ya kasance abin da aka fi so a duniya. A ƙarƙashinsa suna rawa, rera waƙa, bukukuwa, yin ƙulle-ƙulle, ba da tatsuniya. Sana'ar ta kasance daga uba zuwa ɗa. Itacen da aka fi so a matsayin tushe shine spruce, sycamore maple.

A cikin ƙarni na XV-XVII, garaya ta zama abokan buffon. An yi amfani da su a cikin tsarin wasan kwaikwayo na titi. Lokacin da aka hana buffoons, kayan aikin da suke amfani da su ma sun ɓace. Ƙirƙirar Rasha ta sake farfado da zuwan Peter Mai Girma.

An daɗe ana ɗaukar garaya abin jin daɗi ga manoma. Babban aji sun fi son ƙarar kaɗa, garaya, garaya. An ba da sabuwar rayuwa ga kayan aikin jama'a a cikin karni na XNUMX ta masu sha'awar V. Andreev, N. Privalov, O. Smolensky. Sun tsara kewayon ƙira ɗaya, daga maɓallan maɓalli don zubar da su, waɗanda suka zama wani ɓangare na orchestras yin waƙar Rashanci na Rasha.

iri

Juyin Halitta ya haifar da bayyanar da nau'ikan nau'ikan, bambanta cikin yawan kirtani, siffar jiki, kuma hanyar da ake amfani da sauti ana samar da sauti.

Pterygoid (mai murya)

Mafi tsufa iri-iri na gusli na Rasha, wanda aka yi amfani da itacen sikamore (wani suna na tsohuwar ƙirar fuka-fuki shine sycamore).

Mafi mashahuri a yau, suna da manyan zaɓuɓɓukan gyare-gyare. Yawan kirtani ya bambanta, yawanci 5-17. Ma'auni shine diatonic. Igiyoyin suna da sifar fan: tazarar da ke tsakanin su tana kunkuntar yayin da kuka kusanci gunkin wutsiya. Yin amfani da nau'ikan nau'ikan fuka-fuki - aikin sassan solo, da kuma rakiya.

Siffar Lyre

Ana kiran su haka ne saboda kamanni da garaya. Wani fasali na musamman shine kasancewar taga wasa, inda masu wasan kwaikwayon suka sanya hannunsu na biyu don sarrafa igiyoyin.

Siffar kwalkwali (psalter)

Garaya mai siffar kwalkwali tana da zaren 10-26 a hannun jari. Yana buga su, mawaƙin ya yi amfani da hannaye biyu: da dama ya rera babbar waƙar, da hagu ya raka shi. Asalin wannan samfurin yana da rikitarwa: akwai sigar da aka aro daga mutanen yankin Volga (akwai irin wannan Chuvash, Mari gusli a cikin Rashanci).

Ana kiran babbar garaya irin wannan “psalter”: sau da yawa malamai suna amfani da su a cikin haikali.

Kafaffen madannai

An tsara su a farkon karni na 4, tushe shine garaya rectangular. Suna kama da piano: maɓallan suna gefen hagu, kirtani a dama. Ta danna maɓallan, mawaƙin yana buɗe ƙayyadaddun kirtani waɗanda yakamata suyi sauti a yanzu. Matsakaicin kayan aiki shine 6-49 octaves, adadin kirtani shine 66-XNUMX. Ana amfani da shi musamman don rakiyar dalilai, a cikin makada na kayan kida na jama'a.

Tsaye ya tsiro

Firam ɗin ƙarfe ne mai girman girman gaske, a ciki wanda igiyoyi ke shimfiɗa a matakai biyu. An sanya firam ɗin a cikin akwati na musamman da aka sanye da ƙafafu - wannan yana ba shi damar tsayawa a ƙasa, mai yin wasan yana tsaye a kusa.

Ba abu mai sauƙi ba ne don amfani da irin wannan kayan aiki, amma yana da damar yin aiki da yawa, yana ba ku damar yin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kowane rikitarwa, kowane jagorar kiɗa.

Dabarun wasa

A cikin tsohuwar Rasha, ana buga garaya yayin da suke zaune, suna shimfiɗa kayan aiki a kan gwiwoyi, ƙarshen saman ya kwanta a kan kirji. Ƙungiyar kunkuntar tsarin tana kallon dama, gefen fadi zuwa hagu. Wasu samfurori na zamani suna ba da shawarar cewa mawaƙin yana yin yanki yayin da yake tsaye.

Cirar sauti yana faruwa ta hanyar tasiri akan igiyoyi tare da yatsa ko matsakanci. Hannun dama yana taɓa duk kirtani a lokaci guda, yayin da hannun hagu yana murƙushe sauti mai ƙarfi sosai a wannan lokacin.

Dabarun wasan gama gari sune glissando, rattling, harmonic, tremolo, bebe.

Kananan kamfanoni ne ke samar da Gusli da ke yin oda. Mawaƙin na iya yin odar kayan aiki wanda ya dace da girman girmansa, ginawa - wannan zai sauƙaƙe kunna garaya.