Al'adun kiɗa na romanticism: aesthetics, jigogi, nau'o'i da harshe na kiɗa

Zweig ya yi gaskiya: Turai ba ta ga irin wannan tsararraki mai ban sha'awa kamar soyayya ba tun lokacin Renaissance. Hotuna masu ban sha'awa na duniyar mafarki, tsirara ji da sha'awar ruhaniya mai girma - waɗannan launuka ne da ke zana al'adun kiɗa na romanticism.

Fitowar Romanticism da kyawunta

Yayin da ake gudanar da juyin juya halin masana'antu a Turai, fatan da aka yi wa babban juyin juya halin Faransa ya ruguje a cikin zukatan Turawa. An ruguza kungiyar nan ta hankali, wacce zamanin wayewa ta yi shelarsa. Al'adar ji da ka'idar dabi'a a cikin mutum ta hau kan tudu.

Wannan shi ne yadda romanticism ya bayyana. A cikin al'adun kiɗan ya wanzu na ɗan fiye da karni (1800-1910), yayin da a fannonin da suka danganci (zane-zane da wallafe-wallafe) wa'adin sa ya ƙare rabin karni a baya. Wataƙila kiɗan shine "laifi" don wannan - kiɗa ne wanda ke kan gaba a cikin zane-zane a cikin romantics a matsayin mafi ruhaniya da 'yanci na fasaha.

Duk da haka, romantics, ba kamar wakilan zamanin d ¯ a da classicism ba, ba su gina wani matsayi na zane-zane tare da bayyanannun rarrabuwa a cikin nau'o'i da nau'o'i. Tsarin soyayya ya kasance na duniya; zane-zane na iya canzawa cikin yardar kaina zuwa juna. Tunanin haɗakar fasaha na ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun kiɗa na romanticism.

Har ila yau, wannan dangantaka ta shafi nau'o'in kayan ado: an haɗu da kyau tare da mummuna, babba tare da tushe, mai ban tsoro tare da ban dariya. Irin waɗannan canje-canjen sun haɗa da baƙin ciki na soyayya, wanda kuma ya nuna hoton duniya na duniya.

Duk abin da ke da alaƙa da kyau ya ɗauki sabon ma'ana a tsakanin masu son soyayya. Dabi'a ta zama abin bauta, mai zane ya zama tsafi a matsayin mafi girman mutane, kuma an ɗaukaka ji akan hankali.

An bambanta gaskiyar marar ruhi da mafarki, kyakkyawa amma ba za a iya samu ba. Soyayya, tare da taimakon tunaninsa, ya gina sabuwar duniyarsa, ba kamar sauran al'amura ba.

Wadanne jigogi ne masu fasahar Romantic suka zaɓa?

Abubuwan sha'awar romantics sun bayyana a fili a cikin zaɓin jigogi da suka zaɓa a cikin fasaha.

• Taken kadaici. Ƙaunar da ba ta da kyau ko kuma mutum mai kaɗaici a cikin al'umma - waɗannan su ne manyan jigogi a cikin mawaƙa na wannan zamanin ("Ƙauna ta Mawaki" na Schumann, "Ba tare da Rana ba" na Mussorgsky).
• Taken "ikirari na waƙa". A da yawa opuses na romantic composers akwai tabawa na tarihin rayuwa ( "Carnival" na Schumann, "Symphony Fantastique" na Berlioz).
• Taken soyayya. Ainihin, wannan shine jigon soyayyar da ba ta da tabbas ko kuma mai ban tausayi, amma ba lallai ba ne ("Love and Life of a Woman" na Schumann, "Romeo da Juliet" na Tchaikovsky).
• Jigon Hanya. Ita ma ana kiranta Taken yawo. Ruhin soyayya, wanda sabani ya tsage, yana neman hanyarsa ("Harold a Italiya" na Berlioz, "Shekarun Wandering" na Liszt).
• Taken mutuwa. Ainihin mutuwa ce ta ruhaniya (Tchaikovsky's Sixth Symphony, Schubert's Winterreise).
• Jigon yanayi. Dabi'a a cikin idanun soyayya da uwa mai karewa, da aboki mai tausayi, da kuma azabtar da kaddara ("The Hebrides" na Mendelssohn, "A Tsakiyar Asiya" na Borodin). Har ila yau, al'adun gargajiya na ƙasar (polonaises da ballads na Chopin) suna da alaƙa da wannan batu.
• Jigon fantasy. Duniyar hasashe don romantics ya kasance mai arziki fiye da na ainihi ("The Magic Shooter" na Weber, "Sadko" na Rimsky-Korsakov).

Salon kiɗa na zamanin Romantic

Al'adun kide-kide na romanticism sun ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka nau'ikan waƙoƙin murya na ɗakin gida: ("Sarkin daji" na Schubert), ("Maiden of the Lake" na Schubert) da, sau da yawa a hade cikin ("Myrtles" na Schumann ).

An bambanta ba kawai ta hanyar kyakkyawan yanayin makircin ba, har ma ta hanyar haɗi mai karfi tsakanin kalmomi, kiɗa da mataki mataki. Ana nuna wasan opera. Ya isa a tuna Wagner's "Ring of the Nibelungs" tare da haɓakar hanyar sadarwa na leitmotifs.

Daga cikin nau'ikan kayan aiki, ana bambanta soyayya. Don isar da hoto ɗaya ko yanayi na ɗan lokaci, ɗan gajeren wasa ya ishe su. Duk da sikelinsa, wasan yana kumfa da magana. Yana iya zama (kamar Mendelssohn), ko kuma yana wasa da taken shirin ("The Rush" na Schumann).

Kamar waƙoƙi, wasan kwaikwayo wani lokaci ana haɗa su zuwa hawan keke ("Butterflies" na Schumann). A lokaci guda kuma, sassan sake zagayowar, mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa, ko da yaushe suna yin wani abu guda ɗaya saboda haɗin kiɗa.

Romantics suna son kiɗan shirin, wanda ya haɗa shi da wallafe-wallafe, zane-zane ko wasu fasaha. Saboda haka, makircin a cikin ayyukansu yakan sarrafa nau'i. Sonatas motsi ɗaya (Liszt's B qananan sonata), kide kide-kide na motsi guda ɗaya (Liszt's First Piano Concerto) da waƙoƙin wakoki (Liszt's Preludes), da wasan kwaikwayo na motsi biyar (Symphony Fantastique na Berlioz) ya bayyana.

Harshen kiɗan mawaƙan soyayya

Haɗin zane-zane, wanda romantics ya ɗaukaka, ya rinjayi hanyoyin maganganun kiɗa. Waƙar ta zama mafi daidaitattun mutane, masu kula da ma'anar kalmar, kuma rakiya ya daina zama tsaka tsaki da kuma hali a cikin rubutu.

An wadatar da jituwa tare da launuka da ba a taɓa gani ba don faɗi abubuwan da suka faru na jarumar soyayya. Don haka, kalmomin soyayya na languor suna isar da sauye-sauyen jituwa waɗanda ke ƙara tashin hankali. Romantics sun ƙaunaci tasirin chiaroscuro, lokacin da aka maye gurbin manyan da ƙananan nau'in sunan guda ɗaya, da ƙididdiga na matakai na gefe, da kyawawan kwatancen tonalities. An kuma gano sababbin tasirin a cikin yanayin yanayi, musamman lokacin da ya zama dole a isar da ruhin jama'a ko hotuna masu ban mamaki a cikin kiɗa.

Gabaɗaya, waƙar romantics sun yi ƙoƙari don ci gaba da ci gaba, sun ƙi duk wani maimaitawa ta atomatik, kauce wa daidaitawar lafazin da numfasawa a cikin kowane dalili. Kuma rubutun ya zama muhimmiyar hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta yadda matsayinsa ya kasance daidai da rawar waƙa.

Saurari abin da ke da ban mamaki mazurka Chopin!

Maimakon ƙarewa

Al'adun kiɗa na romanticism a farkon ƙarni na 19th da 20th sun sami alamun farko na rikici. Siffar kiɗan "kyauta" ta fara tarwatsewa, jituwa ta mamaye waƙa, maɗaukakin jin daɗin rai ya ba da damar jin tsoro mai raɗaɗi da sha'awar tushe.

Wadannan halaye masu lalacewa sun kawo karshen Romanticism kuma sun bude hanyar zamani. Amma, bayan ya ƙare a matsayin motsi, romanticism ya ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin kiɗa na karni na 20 da kuma a cikin kiɗa na karni na yanzu a cikin sassa daban-daban. Blok ya yi gaskiya sa’ad da ya ce soyayya ta taso “a kowane zamani na rayuwar ɗan adam.”