Harafin kiɗa |
Harafin kiɗa - tsohuwar ka'idar Rasha. alawus (sunan "alphabet" ya fara amfani da su kawai a cikin karni na 18). Farkon su ya samo asali ne tun karni na 15. An haɗa su a cikin littattafan waƙa, suna ɗaukar shafuka 2-3 a cikin kwarto. Na farko A. m. An iyakance ga jerin alamun waƙa - banners (duba waƙar Znamenny). A cikin karni na 16, a cikin wasu litattafai, an ƙara "fassarar banner" a cikin jerin, wanda ya ƙunshi bayanin "yadda ake rera shi" da rarraba "bisa ga muryoyin" (duba Osmoglasie). Hakanan an ba da masu dacewa a cikin A.m., watau melodic. dabarun da aka rubuta tare da taimakon na musamman, "rufe a asirce" hade da alamun rubutun Znamenny. Fits yayi aiki azaman faɗakarwa, yana taimakawa haɓaka ƙwaƙwalwar kiɗa, numfashi, da ƙwarewa a cikin wasa da faɗin cantilena da jimla. Yayin da adadin masu dacewa ya karu (a ƙarshen karni na 16 akwai riga fiye da ɗari), ya zama da wuya a tuna da su. Akwai buƙatar alawus na musamman - abin da ake kira. fitnik; an ba su rubuce-rubuce masu dacewa da sunayensu, kuma an ba da kalmomin, waɗanda aka fi amfani da su da su wajen yin waƙa. Daga baya, an fara gabatar da “raguwa” zuwa cikin fitniks, watau, bayanan da suka dace a cikin bayanin ƙugiya da aka saba. Daga farkon karni na 17, litattafan ka'idar sun bayyana jerin waƙoƙin waƙa waɗanda suka kafa tushen waƙar Znamenny - "kokizniki" (daga kokiza - tsohuwar sunan Rasha don waƙa). An raba Kokiza bisa ga muryoyin. Kusa da rubutun kokiza da sunanta, kalma ko jimla daga Ph.D. fitattun wakokin da ake amfani da su.
Mafi cikakken kuma tsarin ka'idar. Jagoran waƙar Znamenny ita ce sanarwar Concordant Marks, wadda gungun ƙwararrun ƙwararru suka shirya a shekara ta 1668 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin malamin zuhudu Alexander Mezenets. A cikin wannan aikin, a karon farko, tsarin alamomi, watau, ƙarin ƙididdiga waɗanda suka bayyana akida. ƙugiya tsarin rubutu.
A ƙarshen karni na 17, lokacin da aka fara amfani da bayanin layukan layi biyar, an ƙirƙiri wani nau'in bayanin ka'idar. alawus - banners biyu, wanda, a cikin layi daya tare da alamar ƙugiya na kokiz da dacewa, an ba da fassarar su zuwa tsarin notolinear (duba banner sau biyu). A cikin 90s, monk Tikhon Makaryevsky ya tattara "Maɓalli" don karanta wasiƙar ƙugiya, inda aka yanke ma'anar ƙugiya, waƙoƙi da kuma dacewa ta amfani da alamar layi biyar.
An ci gaba da rera waka na tsohon nau'in tun farkon karni na 18, kuma tsofaffin Muminai sun yi amfani da su daga baya, amma ba su da ma'ana guda, tun da ci gaban wakar znamenny kanta ta daina a farkon karni na 17 da 18. ƙarni.
Rubutun A. m. ana kiyaye su a cikin jihar. rumbun adana kayan tarihi da kuma zama tushen muhimmin tushe don nazarin al'adun kiɗa na tsohuwar Rasha.
References: The ABC na Znamenny Singing (Sanarwa na Concordant Marks) na Dattijo Alexander Mezenets. An buga tare da bayani da bayanin kula ta St. Smolensky, Kazan, 1888; Uspensky N., Tsohuwar fasahar waƙa ta Rasha, M., 1965, 1971; Brazhnikov MV, Tsohon ka'idar kiɗa na Rasha, L., 1972.
ND Uspensky
