Academy |
1) Sunan cibiyoyin kimiyya da yawa, game da ciki da cibiyoyin ilimi. Kalmar "A." ya fito daga sunan tatsuniyoyi. jarumi Akadem (Akadnmos), don girmama wanda aka sanya wa yankin da ke kusa da Athens suna, inda a karni na 4 BC. e. Plato ya yi wa dalibansa lacca. A Italiya, na farko A. ya tashi a cikin rabi na 2. Karni na 15 a matsayin al'ummomin 'yanci, masu zaman kansu daga tsaunuka. da coci. hukumomi, hada kan masana falsafa, masana kimiyya, mawaƙa, mawaƙa, masu daraja da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƴan mata da masu fasaha da kuma kafa a matsayin manufarsu ta haɓaka da bunƙasa ilimin kimiyya da fasaha. Sun ji daɗin tallafin kayan aiki na membobinsu (wanda yawancinsu na da'irori ne na aristocratic) kuma suna ƙarƙashin ikon kotuna na sarakuna da na ducal. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi an kafa shi a cikin 1470 a kotun Duke Lorenzo Medici a Florence kuma ya sanya sunan makarantar kimiyya don girmama tsohuwar Girka. Makarantar Falsafa ta Plato. A cikin 16-17 ƙarni. A. ya zama tartsatsi a Italiya (akwai St. 1000 A.) kuma, bisa ga mutanen zamani, sha'awar su ta kai ga "mummunan sha'awa." Rikicin kimiyya, kide-kide, kiɗa. da kuma waka. gasa sun kasance tushen ayyukan A.. Matsayinsu na kafa al'adu na duniya ya yi girma sosai. A. ya ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar ɗan adam. ra'ayoyi, da samuwar sababbin fasaha. salo.
Akwai nau'i biyu na A.:
a) al'ummomin ilmantarwa, gauraye a cikin mahalli, a cikin ayyukansu, tare da jayayya, suna haskakawa. yin kida ya mamaye babban wuri a cikin karatu. Irin wannan A. sun kasance a Venice - A. Pellegrina (kafa 1550), a Florence - A. della Crusca (kafa 1582), a cikin Bologna - A. della Galati (kafa 1588) da A. dei Concordi (kafa 1615) kuma a yawancin sauran garuruwa. Mafi shahara shi ne Roman A. dell'Arcadia (wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 1692), wanda ya haɗu da manyan sarakuna, masana kimiyya, mawaƙa, da mawaƙa. Membobinta ("bmi makiyayi") suna da yawa. fitattun Italiyawa. mawaƙa da ke ɓoye a bayan kalmomin mawaƙa na poetic: misali, A. Scarlatti ana kiransa Terpander, A. Corelli - Arcimello, B. Pasquini - Protico, da dai sauransu. Taro na A. (biki bisa ga tsoffin samfura, gasa na waƙoƙi da kiɗa, da sauransu) ya ɗauki. wuri a cikin ƙirjin yanayi. Anan membobin A. suka huta daga kotun hukuma. bukukuwa; suka koma ga kiwo na butulci, sai suka bayyana wannan sha’awar dabi’a, tare da hadewa da yanayi;
b) kungiyoyin da suka hada kan prof. mawaka da masu son waka. Ayyukan waɗannan A. sun kasance don haɓakawa da nazarin muses. kara. Sun shirya kide-kide na jama'a da masu zaman kansu, suna gudanar da bincike a fagen tarihi da ka'idar kiɗa, kiɗa. acoustics, kafa da music. Cibiyoyin ilimi sun shirya wasan opera (misali, a cikin A. degli Invaghiti a Mantua a 1607 wasan opera Orpheus na Monteverdi na farko ya faru). Shahararriyar makarantar wannan nau'in ita ce Bologna Philharmonic Academy (wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 1666). Domin a yarda da shi a matsayin memba, ya zama dole don jimre wa mafi wuyar kida-ka'idar. gwaje-gwaje. Membobin wannan A. Italiyanci ne. da mawaƙa na ƙasashen waje: J. Bassani, J. Torelli, A. Corelli, JB Martini, WA Mozart, J. Myslivechek, MS Berezovsky, EI Fomin, da sauransu. Kamara ta Florentine (wanda aka kafa a 1580 ta majibincin zane-zane J. Bardi) yana kusa da yanayin aikin, bayyanar opera yana hade da yanke. A Faransa, Cibiyar Nazarin Waƙa da Kiɗa (Académie de poysie et de musique) ta shahara. a 1570 a Paris a matsayin mawaƙi, lute player da comp. JA Baiff.
2) A cikin 18th - 1st na uku na karni na 19th. a Italiya da sauran Yammacin Turai. kasashe, sunan kide kide da wake-wake na marubucin, da mawaka suka shirya, da kuma tarurrukan jama'a masu yin kida (concert), to-rye da wata gamayya ta masoya kiɗan ta shirya. A Rasha, irin wannan A. ya fara bayyana a ƙarshen karni na 18, na farko - a cikin 1790 a St. Petersburg. A kadan daga baya, da Muses aka shirya a Moscow. A. (ga masu daraja), shugabanta shi ne HM Karamzin. A cikin 1828 a St. Petersburg, darektan Pridv. Waka Chapel FP Lvov osn. Musanya. A. tare da manufar "wasan kwaikwayo mai daɗi na lokacin kyauta da nasara a cikin ilimi da haɓaka abubuwan dandano na kiɗa." Kamar yadda masu zamani suka ce, hakika. 'yan wannan A. sun kasance masu son waka ne kawai.
3) Sunan wasu na zamani, ch. arr. mafi girma, cibiyoyin ilimi na kiɗa, misali: Royal A. Music in London, A. Music and Stage. art-va in Vienna, Salzburg, National Academy “Santa Cecilia” a Rome, Mus. A. (Conservatory) a Belgrade, da kuma wasu opera t-ditch (National A. Music and Dance - sunan hukuma na Parisian t-ra "Grand Opera"), decomp. kimiyya (misali, State A. Artistic Sciences a Moscow, Cibiyar Nazarin Arts, 1921-32), conc. da sauran cibiyoyi (A. rikodin gramophone mai suna Ch. Cro, A. rawa a Paris, da sauransu).
Sources: Della Torre A., Storia dell'Accademia Platonica di Florence, Florence, 1902; Maylender M., Tarihin Kwalejin Italiyanci, v. 1-5, Bologna, 1926-30; Walker DP, Musical Humanism a cikin 16th da farkon 17th Centuries, "MR," 1941, II, 1942, III (a cikin "The Musical Humanism," a cikin "The Works of the Music Science Society, No. 5, Kassel, 1949) ; ; Yates Fr. A., Kwalejin Faransa a cikin 16th cent., Jami'ar London, Warburg Inst., «Nazari», XV, L.,
IM Yampolsky
