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Ra'ayin kida-ka'idar da BL Yavorsky ya kirkira. Da farko (tun 1908) an kira shi "tsarin magana na kiɗa", tun 1918 - "ka'idar nauyi mai ji"; L. r. - sanannen sunansa (wanda aka gabatar a cikin 1912). Tushen ka'idar L. kogin. ci gaba a farkon shekarun karni na 20. Kalmar LR" tana nufin bayyana yanayin cikin lokaci. Babban jigo na ka'idar LR: wanzuwar nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan dangantaka mai kyau guda biyu - maras tabbas da kwanciyar hankali; jawo hankalin rashin zaman lafiya ga ƙuduri zuwa kwanciyar hankali yana da mahimmanci ga muses. kuzari da kuma musamman don gina frets. A cewar Yavorsky, sautin nauyi yana da alaƙa da kusancin mutum a cikin sararin samaniya, kamar yadda aka nuna ta wurin matsayi na ma'auni - magudanar ruwa na semicircular a cikin sashin jiki wanda ke fahimtar kiɗa. Bambanci daga dissonance da rashin daidaituwa shine cewa sautuna marasa ƙarfi da tazara na iya haɗawa (misali, uku hd ko fa a cikin C-dur) kuma, akasin haka, barga consonances (tonics) na yanayin na iya ɓarna (misali, haɓaka da rage triads) . Yavorsky yana ganin tushen rashin zaman lafiya a cikin tazara na triton ("shida-luton rabo"). A cikin wannan, ya dogara da ra'ayin tritone a matsayin muhimmin abin ƙarfafawa don haɓaka modal, wanda SI Taneev ya gabatar a cikin con. Karni na 19 (aikin "Binciken tsare-tsaren daidaitawa a cikin sonatas na Beethoven") kuma daga baya ya haɓaka (wasiku zuwa NN Amani, 1903). Kwarewar nazarin samfurori na bunks kuma ya haifar da ra'ayin mahimmanci na musamman na sabon Yavorsky. kiɗa. Tare da ƙudurinsa zuwa babban na uku, triton ya samar da haɗin kai na farko na rashin zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali - "tsarin daidaitawa guda ɗaya"; nau'ikan tsarin guda biyu a nesa mai nisa suna haɗuwa zuwa "tsarin ma'auni guda biyu", inda ƙudurin ƙarami ne na uku. Haɗin waɗannan tsarin yana haifar da raguwa. frets, da rashin zaman lafiya na tsarin guda ɗaya yana gabatar da aikin ("lokacin yanayi") na rinjaye, kuma tsarin biyu yana gabatar da masu rinjaye. Matsayin sautunan cikin jituwa yana ƙayyade ƙimar ƙarfin su ("haske").
Harmony, don haka, ana ɗaukar ciki azaman saitin gravitations (“conjugations”) na sautunan da ba su da tabbas a cikin waɗanda ke warware su. Daga nan ya zo da gaba ɗaya yarda a cikin mujiya. ilimin kide-kide, manufar yanayi a matsayin tsari mai tsari sosai na kuzari. hali, a matsayin gwagwarmayar dakarun adawa. Fassarar yanayin yana da zurfi sosai idan aka kwatanta da tsohon, ma'auni (tun da ma'auni baya nuna tsarin ciki na yanayin).
Tare da babba da ƙanana, ka'idar layi r. yana tabbatar da hanyoyin, tonics ɗin wanda ba ya wakiltar baƙar magana: ƙãra, raguwa, sarkar (haɗin manyan kashi biyu cikin uku, misali, ce-es-g, watau manyan-ƙananan suna ɗaya). Ƙungiya ta musamman ta ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i masu canzawa, inda sauti ɗaya zai iya samun ma'ana biyu - rashin kwanciyar hankali da kwanciyar hankali, wanda shine dalilin maye gurbin tonic. Mafi hadaddun su ne "hanyoyi biyu" waɗanda ke tasowa lokacin da aka warware rashin zaman lafiya sau biyu - "ciki da waje" (duka shawarwarin sun rabu da juna ta hanyar tritone, don haka mai girma sau biyu, alal misali, ya haɗa alamun alamun. C-dur dan Fis-dur).
Kowane tsarin yana da nasa halayen halayensa (misali, a cikin haɓakar yanayi - ƙuduri zuwa madaidaicin triad, jeri akan manyan kaso uku ko ƙanana shida, ƙwanƙwasa tare da ƙarin na shida, tushen sutura a cikin tazara na raguwa na uku, da sauransu. ). Samu fassarar ma'auni: pentatonic sikelin (babba ko ƙarami tare da sautin tritone a kashe), "Ma'auni na Hungary" (ƙanƙarar ɓacin rai na tsarin guda biyu), sautin duka da sautin-semitone ma'auni (ƙara da raguwa, da kuma sau biyu).
Gano "sababbin hanyoyi" yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin kimiyya. cancantar Yavorsky, tun da mafi yawansu da gaske wanzu a cikin music na 19th-20th ƙarni, musamman a cikin aikin F. Liszt, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, AN Scriabin. Yavorsky kuma ya nuna ma'auni da aka gina lokaci-lokaci (wanda ake kira yanayin tare da iyakanceccen matsayi), wanda ya yi amfani da shi a cikin aikinsa na kere-kere shekaru da yawa bayan haka. yi O. Messiaen. Ma'anar sauye-sauyen modal ya bayyana da yawa. abubuwan mamaki na mutane kiɗa; a lokaci guda, yana taimakawa wajen bayyana wasu nau'ikan polytonality. Tabbatar da yuwuwar gyare-gyaren modal wanda ya wuce manyan-kananan abu ne mai mahimmanci mai mahimmanci ga ra'ayoyin, bisa ga abin da babba da ƙananan za a iya maye gurbinsu kawai ta hanyar watsi da tsarin tsarin tsarin gaba ɗaya, watau atonality.
Bangaren rauni na ka'idar modal na Yavorsky shine hanyar gina frets akan tushen tritone. Babu wani dalili da za a ga a cikin tritone tushen tushen damuwa na duniya; wannan yana bayyana a fili ta hanyar tsofaffin frets, ba tare da triton ba, to-rye, sabanin tsarin tarihi. dole ne a fassara ci gaba a matsayin nau'ikan nau'ikan mafi rikitarwa. Abubuwan da ke tattare da akida kuma suna cikin bayanin ciki. Tsarin damuwa, wanda wani lokaci yakan haifar da sabani da gaskiyar. Duk da haka, ƙimar ka'idar Yavorsky ba shakka an ƙaddara ta hanyar mahimmancin hanyar magance matsalar kanta da kuma fadada kewayon hanyoyin da aka sani.
Ladotonal dangantaka (kalmar "tonality" da aka gabatar da Yavorsky) ana daukar su dangane da nau'i da rhythmic. rabbai (misali, "bangare a kashi na uku na sigar"). Mafi girman sha'awa shine "kwatanta ma'auni tare da sakamakon", wanda nau'i biyu ko fiye da ba su da alaƙa suna haifar da rikici, ƙarshe daga abin da ya zama "sakamako" - tonality wanda ya haɗu da duk waɗanda suka gabata. A nan Yavorsky ya ci gaba da manufar "haɗin kai na babban tsari" wanda Taneyev ya gabatar a baya. Hakanan ana fahimtar ƙa'idar "kwatanta da sakamako" sosai, a matsayin karo na lokuta masu cin karo da juna tare da babban sakamako. Har ila yau, an jaddada musabbabin tashe-tashen hankulan da suka biyo baya a wanda ya gabata.
Babban wuri a cikin ka'idar L. r. ya mamaye matsalar tarwatsewar aikin. Yavorsky ya haɓaka ra'ayi na caesura da nau'ikansa. Dangane da kwatanci tare da magana ta baki, manufar caesuria tana wadatar da ka'idar aiki, musamman koyaswar jumla. Bangaren kishiyar - articulation - sami magana a cikin "ka'idar haɗin kai" (haɗi a nesa), a cikin ma'anar "lafiye" a matsayin factor na adhesion, adhesion. An gabatar da ra'ayi na innation a matsayin farkon tantanin halitta na muses. tsari da bayyanawa; ya dogara ne akan hulɗar sautin sauti. modal ma'ana. An bambanta bangare ɗaya (gini akan aiki ɗaya) da kashi biyu (canza ayyuka biyu); A cikin kashi biyu, an bambanta predicate - lokacin shiri (ra'ayin da ya zama tartsatsi) da ikt - lokacin ƙarshe da ma'ana.
Ana fahimtar rhythm a matsayin dukan yanki na dangantakar ɗan lokaci - daga ƙarami zuwa girman tsakanin manyan sassa. A lokaci guda, abubuwan mamaki na rhythmic suna cike da abun ciki na modal; an ayyana ma'anar rhythm a matsayin "ikon yin kewayawa cikin lokaci, a cikin sautin sauti akai-akai." Daga nan, ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya ya taso, wanda ya ba da suna. gaba dayan ka'idar: modal rhythm azaman tsari na buɗe yanayin cikin lokaci.
Hakanan ana la'akari da fom ɗin dangane da kusanci da kwanciyar hankali da alaƙar rashin kwanciyar hankali. An nuna shi a karon farko cewa siffofin suna wakiltar aiwatar da ka'idodin tsari na gaba ɗaya. Ka'idodin tsari azaman ma'aji na musamman na ɗaiɗaiku da tsari azaman ƙayyadaddun tsari da aka kwatanta an iyakance su. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman al'amurra na ka'idar L. kogin. - sha'awar haɗa batutuwan tsari tare da fasaha. fahimtar kiɗa. Duk da abubuwan da ke tattare da akidar da suka bayyana a nan, ma, akwai halin daukar kida a matsayin furuci na dan Adam, don bayyana kyan gani. ma'anar siffofi, don kusantar da su zuwa ga kama. abubuwan mamaki na sauran kararraki. Waɗannan fasalulluka sun yi tasiri mai kyau a cikin aikin yin amfani da bayanan kogin L.. don ilimin kiɗa, don darussan "sauraron kiɗa".
Don haka, ko da yake cikakken ra'ayi na LR, wanda ya biyo bayan gabatarwar marubucin, bai riƙe mahimmancinsa ba, yawancin ra'ayoyinsa na gabaɗaya, da dai sauransu ana amfani da takamaiman ra'ayi. A cikin ayyukan mujiya. Masana kida LV Kulakovsky, ME Tarakanov, VP Dernova sun sake tunani ko farfado da hanyoyin nazarin Nar. waƙoƙi, ra'ayoyin LR, hanyoyi biyu.
References: Yavorsky BL, Tsarin magana na kiɗa. Kayayyaki da bayanin kula, Sashe na 1-3, M., 1908; nasa, Ayyuka a cikin samuwar modal rhythm, sashi na 1, M., 1915, M., 1928; nasa, Abubuwan asali na kiɗa, M., 1923; nasa, Gina tsarin waƙoƙi, a cikin littafin: Belyaeva-Ekzemplyarskaya S., Yavorsky B., Tsarin Melody, M., 1929; Bryusova N., Kimiyyar kiɗa, hanyoyin tarihi da halin yanzu, M., 1910; nata, Boleslav Leopoldovich Yavorsky, a cikin tarin: B. Yavorsky, vol. 1, M., 1964; Kulakovsky L., De-yaki zivchennya BL Yavorsky, "Music", 1924, sashi na 10-12; nasa, A kan ka'idar modal rhythm da ayyukanta, "Ilimin Kiɗa", 1930, No 1; Belyaev V., Analysis of modulations a cikin sonatas Beethoven, SI Taneev, a cikin tarin: Littafin Rasha game da Beethoven, M,, 1927; Protopopov S., Abubuwan tsarin tsarin magana na kiɗa, sassan 1-2, M., 1930; Ryzhkin I., Theory of modal rhythm, a cikin littafin: Mazel L., Ryzhkin I., Essays on the History of theoretical musicology, vol. 2, M.-L., 1939; Wasiƙu daga SI Taneyev zuwa NN Amani, EF Napravnik, IA Vsevolozhsky, SM, 1940, No 7; A cikin ƙwaƙwalwar Sergei Ivanovich Taneyev, 1856-1946. Sat. labarai da kayan aiki don bikin cika shekaru 90 na haihuwarsa, M.-L., 1947; Zukkerman V., Kulakovsky L., Yavorsky-theorist, "SM", 1957, No 12; Lunacharsky AB, Magana a wani taro kan ka'idar modal rhythm Fabrairu 5, 1930 a Moscow, a Sat: B. Yavorsky, vol. 1, M., 1964; Zukkerman VA, Yavorsky-theorist, ibid.; Kholopov Yu. N., Hanyoyin simmetric a cikin tsarin ka'idar Yavorsky da Messiaen, a cikin: Kiɗa da Zamani, vol. 7 ga Nuwamba, 1971.
VA Zuckerman
