Sautin kiɗa da kaddarorin sa

Wasan "4'33" na John Cage shine mintuna 4 da daƙiƙa 33 na shiru. Ban da wannan aikin, duk sauran suna amfani da sauti.

Sauti shi ne waƙa abin da fenti yake yin zane, kalmar ga marubuci ce, bulo kuma ga maginin gini ne. Sauti shine kayan kiɗan. Ya kamata mawaƙi ya san yadda sauti ke aiki? A taƙaice magana, a'a. Bayan haka, maginin ƙila bai san kaddarorin kayan da ya gina ba. Kasancewar ginin zai ruguje ba matsalarsa ba ce, matsalar wadanda za su zauna a wannan ginin ne.

A wane mita ne bayanin kula C ke yin sauti?

Wadanne kaddarorin sautin kida ne muka sani?

Bari mu dauki igiya a matsayin misali.

.Ara. Ya dace da girman girman. Da wuya mu buga kirtani, da faɗin girman girgizarsa, ƙarar sautin zai kasance.

tsawon lokaci Akwai sautunan kwamfuta na wucin gadi waɗanda za su iya yin sauti na dogon lokaci ba bisa ka'ida ba, amma yawanci sauti yana zuwa a wani lokaci kuma yana tsayawa a wani lokaci. Tare da taimakon tsawon lokacin sauti, duk ƙididdiga masu ƙima a cikin kiɗa suna jeri.

Tsawo. Mun saba da cewa wasu bayanan suna kara girma, wasu kuma ƙasa. Ƙarfin sautin ya yi daidai da mitar girgizar kirtani. Ana auna shi a cikin hertz (Hz): hertz ɗaya shine sau ɗaya a sakan daya. Saboda haka, idan, alal misali, mitar sauti ta kasance 100 Hz, wannan yana nufin cewa kirtani yana yin girgiza 100 a cikin dakika ɗaya.

Idan muka buɗe kowane bayanin tsarin kiɗan, za mu iya samun sauƙin mitar har zuwa karamin octave shi ne 130,81 Hz, don haka a cikin dakika guda kirtani ke fitarwa to, sa 130,81 oscillations.

Amma wannan ba gaskiya bane.

Cikakkar igiya

Don haka, bari mu kwatanta abin da muka bayyana a cikin hoton (Fig. 1). A halin yanzu, muna watsar da tsawon lokacin sauti kuma muna nuna sauti da ƙara kawai.

Anan jan sandar tana wakiltar sautin mu a hoto. Mafi girman wannan mashaya, ƙarar sautin. Ƙara zuwa dama wannan shafi, mafi girma sauti. Misali, sautuna biyu a cikin siffa 2 za su kasance ƙarar guda ɗaya, amma na biyu (blue) zai yi sauti sama da na farko (ja).

Irin wannan jadawali a kimiyya ana kiransa Amplitude-frequency martani (AFC). Yana da al'ada don nazarin duk fasalulluka na sautuna.

Yanzu koma ga kirtani.

Idan igiyar ta yi rawar jiki gaba ɗaya (Fig. 3), to, da gaske za ta yi sauti ɗaya, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 1. Wannan sautin zai kasance yana da ɗan ƙara, dangane da ƙarfin bugun, da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun mita. oscillation, saboda tashin hankali da tsawon kirtani.

Za mu iya sauraron sautin da irin wannan girgizar igiyar ta haifar.

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Sauti mara kyau, ko ba haka ba?

Wannan saboda, bisa ga dokokin kimiyyar lissafi, kirtani ba ta girgiza kamar wannan.

Duk 'yan wasan zaren sun san cewa idan kun taɓa igiya daidai a tsakiya, ba tare da matsa shi a kan fretboard ba, kuma ku buga shi, za ku iya samun sautin da ake kira. flagolet. A wannan yanayin, nau'i na vibrations na kirtani zai yi kama da wani abu kamar haka (Fig. 4).

Anan kamar an raba kirtani zuwa biyu, kuma kowane rabi na sauti daban.

Daga ilimin kimiyyar lissafi an san shi: guntun kirtani, saurin girgiza shi. A cikin hoto na 4, kowane ɗayan rabi ya fi guntu sau biyu fiye da dukan kirtani. Saboda haka, yawan sautin da muke samu ta wannan hanya zai ninka sau biyu.

Dabarar ita ce irin wannan girgizar kirtani ba ta bayyana a lokacin da muka fara wasa da jituwa ba, kuma yana nan a cikin kirtani "buɗe". Kawai lokacin da kirtani ya buɗe, irin wannan girgiza yana da wuyar ganewa, kuma ta hanyar sanya yatsa a tsakiya, mun bayyana shi.

Hoto na 5 zai taimaka amsa tambayar yadda kirtani ke iya girgiza a lokaci guda duka gaba ɗaya da rabi biyu.

Zaren yana lanƙwasa gaba ɗaya, kuma rabi biyu na raƙuman ruwa suna jujjuya shi kamar nau'in takwas. Hoto na takwas da ke jujjuyawa akan lilo shine abin da ƙarin nau'ikan jijjiga guda biyu yake.

Menene zai faru da sauti lokacin da kirtani ta girgiza ta wannan hanyar?

Abu ne mai sauqi qwarai: idan kirtani ta yi rawar jiki gaba ɗaya, sai ta fitar da wani sautin wani sauti, yawanci ana kiranta da asali sautin. Kuma idan rabi biyu (takwas) suka yi rawar jiki, muna samun sauti sau biyu mai girma. Wadannan sautuna suna wasa a lokaci guda. A kan amsawar mita, zai yi kama da wannan (Fig. 6).

Shafi mai duhu shine babban sautin da ke fitowa daga girgizar kirtani na "dukan", wanda ya fi sauƙi ya ninka sau biyu fiye da duhu, an samo shi daga girgizar "takwas". Kowace mashaya akan irin wannan jadawali ana kiranta da jituwa. A matsayinka na mai mulki, masu jituwa mafi girma suna sauti mafi shuru, don haka shafi na biyu ya dan kadan fiye da na farko.

Amma masu jituwa ba su iyakance ga biyun farko ba. A haƙiƙa, baya ga ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun adadi-takwas tare da lilo, zaren a lokaci guda yana lanƙwasa kamar raƙuman ruwa guda uku, kamar huɗu, kamar biyar, da sauransu. (Hoto na 7).

Saboda haka, ana ƙara sauti zuwa na farko biyu masu jituwa, wanda a cikin uku, hudu, biyar, da dai sauransu sau da yawa fiye da babban sautin. A kan amsawar mita, wannan zai ba da irin wannan hoton (Fig. 8).

Ana samun irin wannan hadadden haɗin gwiwar lokacin da kirtani ɗaya kawai ta yi sauti. Ya ƙunshi duk masu jituwa daga na farko (wanda ake kira asali) zuwa mafi girma. Duk masu jituwa ban da na farko kuma ana kiran su overtones, watau fassara zuwa Rashanci - "sautuna na sama".

Mun sake jaddada cewa wannan shine mafi mahimmancin ra'ayin sauti, wannan shine yadda duk kirtani a duniya ke sauti. Bugu da ƙari, tare da ƙananan canje-canje, duk kayan aikin iska suna ba da tsarin sauti iri ɗaya.

Lokacin da muke magana game da sauti, muna nufin ainihin wannan ginin:

SAUTI = RUWAN KASA + DUK ABINDA YA WUCE

A kan wannan tsari ne aka gina dukkan sifofinsa masu jituwa a cikin kiɗa. Ana iya bayyana kaddarorin tazara, ƙwanƙwasa, tuning, da ƙari mai yawa idan kun san tsarin sauti.

Amma idan duk kirtani da dukan ƙaho suna yin haka, me yasa za mu iya gaya wa piano daga violin, da kuma guitar daga sarewa?

Girma

Tambayar da aka tsara a sama za a iya sanya ta da ƙarfi, saboda ƙwararrun ma suna iya bambanta guitar ɗaya daga wani. Kayan aiki guda biyu na siffa ɗaya, tare da igiyoyi iri ɗaya, sauti, kuma mutum yana jin bambanci. Na yarda, baƙon?

Kafin mu warware wannan rashin fahimta, bari mu ji yadda kyakkyawar zaren da aka kwatanta a cikin sakin layi na baya zai yi sauti. Bari mu buga jadawali a hoto na 8.

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Da alama yana kama da sautin kayan kida na gaske, amma wani abu ya ɓace.

Bai isa ba "mara kyau".

Gaskiyar ita ce, a duniya babu igiyoyi biyu masu kama da juna. Kowane kirtani yana da nasa halaye, ko da yake ƙananan yara ne, amma yana shafar yadda yake sauti. Rashin lahani na iya zama daban-daban: canje-canje mai kauri tare da tsayin kirtani, nau'ikan kayan abu daban-daban, ƙananan lahani na braid, canje-canjen tashin hankali a lokacin rawar jiki, da dai sauransu. Bugu da ƙari, sauti yana canzawa dangane da inda muka buga kirtani, kayan kayan kayan aiki na kayan aiki. (kamar mai sauƙi ga danshi), yadda kayan aiki ke matsayin matsayi dangane da mai sauraro, da ƙari, har zuwa geometry na ɗakin.

Menene waɗannan siffofi suke yi? Sun ɗan canza jadawali a cikin Hoto 8. Harmonics akan shi na iya zama ba su da yawa sosai, an canza su zuwa dama ko hagu, ƙarar jigon jituwa daban-daban na iya canzawa sosai, sautin da ke tsakanin masu jituwa na iya bayyana (Fig. 9). .).

Yawancin lokaci, duk nuances na sauti ana danganta su zuwa ga rashin fahimta na timbre.

Timbre da alama lokaci ne mai dacewa sosai don keɓancewar sautin kayan aiki. Duk da haka, akwai matsaloli guda biyu tare da wannan kalmar da zan so in yi nuni.

Matsala ta farko ita ce, idan muka ayyana timbre kamar yadda muka yi a sama, to muna rarrabe kayan aikin ta kunne ba da shi ba. A matsayinka na mai mulki, muna kama bambance-bambance a cikin kashi na farko na na biyu na sauti. Yawancin lokaci ana kiran wannan lokaci harin, wanda sautin ya bayyana. Sauran lokacin, duk sruns suna kama da juna sosai. Don tabbatar da wannan, bari mu saurari bayanin kula akan piano, amma tare da lokacin “yanke” harin.

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Yarda, yana da wuya a gane sanannun piano a cikin wannan sautin.

Matsala ta biyu ita ce, yawanci, idan ana maganar sauti, ana keɓance babban sautin, kuma duk wani abu ana danganta shi da katako, kamar ba shi da mahimmanci kuma ba ya taka rawa a cikin gine-ginen kiɗa. Duk da haka, wannan ba haka bane. Wajibi ne a bambance fasali na mutum, kamar su ragi da karkacewa na jituwa, daga asalin yanayin sauti. Halayen daidaikun mutane suna da ɗan tasiri a kan gine-gine na kiɗa. Amma ainihin tsarin - mahara masu jituwa, wanda aka nuna a cikin siffa 8. - shine abin da ke ƙayyade duk ba tare da togiya jituwa a cikin kiɗa ba, ba tare da la'akari da eras, trends da styles.

Za mu yi magana game da yadda wannan tsarin ke bayyana gine-ginen kiɗa a lokaci na gaba.

Mawallafi - Roman Oleinikov Rikodin sauti - Ivan Soshinsky