Maxim Sozontovich Berezovsky |

Maxim Berezovsky

Ƙirƙirar fitaccen mawakin Rasha na rabin na biyu na karni na XNUMX. M. Berezovsky, tare da aikin sanannen zamaninsa D. Bortnyansky, ya nuna farkon wani sabon mataki na gargajiya a cikin fasahar kiɗa na Rasha.

An haifi mawaki ne a yankin Chernihiv. An yi zargin cewa ya sami karatunsa na farko na kiɗa a Makarantar Kiɗa ta Glukhov, wanda ya shahara da al'adun rera waƙa, sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Kwalejin Tauhidi ta Kyiv. Bayan isowa a St. Petersburg (1758), saurayin, godiya ga kyakkyawar muryarsa, an sanya shi ga ma'aikatan mawaƙa na magajin gadon sarauta, Peter Fedorovich, inda ya fara samun darussan abun da ke ciki daga F. Zoppis da vocals. daga malamin kasar Italiya Nunziani. A cikin 1750-60s. Berezovsky ya riga ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo ta F. Araya da V. Manfredini, waɗanda aka yi a kan matakin kotu, suna fafatawa a cikin fasaha da nagarta tare da mafi kyawun mawaƙa na Italiyanci. Bayan juyin mulkin fadar a 1762 Berezovsky, kamar sauran masu fasaha daga jihar Peter III, Catherine II ya koma Italiyanci. A cikin Oktoba 1763, mawaki ya auri Franziska Iberscher, mai rawa daga ƙungiyar. Da yake magana tare da sassan solo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na opera, Berezovsky kuma ya rera waƙa a cikin mawaƙa na Kotun, wanda ya haifar da sha'awar mawaƙin a cikin nau'ikan mawaƙa. A cewar masanin tarihin P. Vorotnikov, wasan kwaikwayo na farko na ruhaniya ("Ku zo ku gani", "Dukan harsuna", "Muna yabon Allah a gare ku", "Ubangiji yana mulki", "Ku yabi Ubangiji daga sama") ya nuna nasa na musamman. hazaka da kyakkyawar sanin dokokin ka'ida da jituwa. A watan Mayu 1769, Berezovsky aka aika zuwa Italiya don inganta gwaninta. A sanannen Academy of Bologna, bisa ga almara, ya yi karatu a karkashin jagorancin fitaccen theorist kuma malami Padre Martini.

Mayu 15, 1771, kadan daga baya WA Mozart, da suka ci jarrabawa tare da Czech mawaki I. Myslivechek Berezovsky a matsayin memba na Academy. A cikin 1773, wanda aka ba da izini ga Livorno, ya ƙirƙiri wasan opera na farko kuma mai yiwuwa ita kaɗai, Demofont, nasarar da aka lura a cikin jaridar Livorno: “Daga cikin wasan kwaikwayon da aka nuna a lokacin bikin na ƙarshe, ya kamata a lura da shi a hidimar Mai Martaba. da Empress na All Rasha, signor Maxim Berezovsky, wanda ya haɗu da rayuwa da kuma dandano mai kyau tare da ilimin kiɗa. Wasan opera "Demofont" ta taƙaita lokacin "Italiyanci" na rayuwar Berezovsky - Oktoba 19, 1773, ya bar Italiya.

Komawa zuwa Rasha a farkon ikon ikonsa, Berezovsky bai dace da halin da ya dace ba game da basirarsa a kotu. Yin la'akari da takardun tarihin, ba a taɓa nada mawakin zuwa sabis ɗin da ya dace da taken memba na Bologna Academy ba. Bayan zama kusa da G. Potemkin, Berezovsky na dan lokaci kirga a kan wani matsayi a cikin samarwa Musical Academy a kudancin kasar (ban da Berezovsky, yarima kuma zai jawo hankalin J. Sarti da I. Khandoshkin). Amma aikin Potemkin bai taba aiwatar da shi ba, kuma Berezovsky ya ci gaba da aiki a cikin ɗakin sujada a matsayin ma'aikaci na yau da kullum. Rashin bege na halin da ake ciki, kadaici na mawaƙa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa, rashin lafiya tare da zazzaɓi a cikin Maris 1777 Berezovsky ya kashe kansa a daya daga cikin hare-haren da cutar.

Ƙaddamar da abubuwan kirkire-kirkire na mawaƙa yana da ban mamaki: yawancin ayyukan da aka yi a cikin ƙarni na 4 sun kasance a cikin rubutun hannu na dogon lokaci kuma an ajiye su a cikin Kotun Chapel. A farkon ƙarni namu, an yi hasarar da ba za a iya dawo da su ba. Daga cikin kayan aikin Berezovsky, an san ɗayan sonata don violin da cembalo a cikin manyan C. Maki na opera "Demofont", wanda aka yi a Italiya, ya ɓace: 1818 aria kawai ya tsira har yau. Daga cikin ruhohi masu yawa, Liturgy da ƴan kide-kide na ruhaniya ne kawai aka kiyaye su. Daga cikinsu akwai The Lord Reign, wanda shi ne farkon misali na zagayowar waƙoƙin gargajiya a Rasha, kuma kada ku ƙi Ni a lokacin tsufa, wanda ya zama ƙarshen aikin mawaƙa. Wannan concerto, idan aka kwatanta da sauran ayyukan 'yan shekarun nan, yana da makoma mai farin ciki. Saboda shahararsa, ya zama tartsatsi kuma an buga shi sau biyu a farkon rabin karni na 1841. (XNUMX, XNUMX).

Ana iya gano tasirin waƙar waƙa, fasaha na polyphonic, jituwa da tsarin alama na wasan kwaikwayo a cikin aikin matasa na Berezovsky - Bortnyansky, S. Degtyarev, A. Vedel. Kasancewa babban ƙwararren fasaha na fasaha na kiɗa, wasan kwaikwayon "Kada ku ƙi" yana nuna farkon matakin al'ada a cikin haɓakar ƙirar choral na gida.

Ko da mutum samfurori na aikin Berezovsky ya ba mu damar yin magana game da girman nau'ikan sha'awar mawaƙa, game da haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta a cikin kiɗan kiɗan ƙasa tare da dabarun pan-Turai da nau'ikan ci gaba.

A. Lebedeva