Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky |

Igor Stravinsky

…An haife ni a lokacin da bai dace ba. Ta hanyar yanayi da sha'awa, kamar Bach, ko da yake a kan sikelin daban-daban, ya kamata in zauna a cikin duhu kuma in yi halitta akai-akai don sabis ɗin da aka kafa da kuma Allah. Na tsira a cikin duniyar da aka haife ni… I. Stravinsky

Stravinsky mawaƙin Rasha ne na gaske… Ruhin Rasha ba ya lalacewa a cikin zuciyar wannan babban hazaka mai yawa, wanda aka haife shi daga ƙasar Rasha kuma yana da alaƙa da shi… D. Shostakovich

Rayuwar kirkire-kirkire ta I. Stravinsky tarihin rayuwa ce ta kida na karni na 1959. Shi, kamar a cikin madubi, yana nuna hanyoyin haɓaka fasahar zamani, tare da neman sabbin hanyoyi. Stravinsky ya sami suna a matsayin jarumi mai juyar da al'ada. A cikin waƙarsa, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan suna tasowa, koyaushe suna tsaka-tsaki, wani lokacin kuma suna da wahala a tantance su, wanda mawaƙin ya sami laƙabi da “mutum mai fuska dubu” daga mutanen zamaninsa. Yana kama da masihirta ne daga ballet dinsa "petrushka": ya yardar rai ": Sinanci, salon kan kirkirar matakin wasan nasa. Da yake jayayya cewa "waƙar tana iya bayyana kanta kawai," Stravinsky duk da haka ya yi ƙoƙari ya rayu "con Tempo" (wato, tare da lokaci). A cikin "Tattaunawa", wanda aka buga a cikin 63-1945, ya tuna da sautin tituna a St. Petersburg, bukukuwan Maslenitsa a filin Mars, wanda, a cewarsa, ya taimaka masa ya ga Petrushka. Kuma mawallafin ya yi magana game da Symphony a cikin Ƙungiyoyi uku (XNUMX) a matsayin aikin da ke da alaka da yakin basasa, tare da tunawa da zalunci na Brownshirts a Munich, wanda shi kansa ya kusan zama wanda aka azabtar.

Stravinsky's universalism yana da ban mamaki. Yana bayyana kanta a cikin zurfin ɗaukar hoto na al'amuran al'adun kiɗa na duniya, a cikin nau'ikan bincike iri-iri, a cikin ƙarfin wasan kwaikwayo - pianistic da jagora - ayyuka, wanda ya wuce shekaru 40. Girman abokan hulɗarsa da fitattun mutane ba a taɓa samun irinsa ba. N. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. Lyadov, A. Glazunov, V. Stasov, S. Diaghilev, masu fasaha na "Duniya na Art", A. Matisse, P. Picasso, R. Rolland. T. Mann, A. Gide, C. Chaplin, K. Debussy, M. Ravel, A. Schoenberg, P. Hindemith, M. de Falla, G. Faure, E. Satie, mawaƙan Faransanci na ƙungiyar shida - waɗannan sune sunayen wasu daga cikinsu. A cikin rayuwarsa, Stravinsky ya kasance a tsakiyar hankalin jama'a, a tsaka-tsakin mafi mahimmancin hanyoyin fasaha. Yanayin yanayin rayuwarsa ya shafi ƙasashe da yawa.

Stravinsky ya yi kuruciyarsa a St. Iyaye ba su nemi su ba shi sana'ar mawaƙa ba, amma duk yanayin yana da kyau ga ci gaban kiɗa. Gidan ya kasance yana jin kiɗa (mahaifin mawaki F. Stravinsky sanannen mawaƙi ne na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Mariinsky), akwai babban ɗakin karatu na fasaha da kiɗa. Tun daga yara, Stravinsky yana sha'awar kiɗan Rasha. Lokacin da yake yaro ɗan shekara goma, ya yi sa’a ya ga P. Tchaikovsky, wanda ya bauta wa gumaka, ya keɓe masa shekaru da yawa bayan haka wasan opera Mavra (1922) da kuma ballet The Fairy's Kiss (1928). Stravinsky ya kira M. Glinka "jarumin yarinta". Ya yaba da M. Mussorgsky sosai, ya dauke shi "mafi gaskiya" kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa a cikin rubuce-rubucensa akwai tasirin "Boris Godunov". Abokan hulɗa sun tashi tare da membobin Belyaevsky da'irar, musamman tare da Rimsky-Korsakov da Glazunov.

Sha'awar wallafe-wallafen Stravinsky sun samo asali da wuri. Na farko hakikanin abin da ya faru a gare shi shi ne littafin L. Tolstoy "Yara, samartaka, matasa", A. Pushkin da F. Dostoevsky ya kasance gumaka a duk rayuwarsa.

An fara darussan kiɗa tun yana ɗan shekara 9. Darussan piano ne. Duk da haka, Stravinsky ya fara karatun sana'a mai tsanani ne kawai bayan 1902, lokacin da, a matsayin dalibi a sashen shari'a na Jami'ar St. Petersburg, ya fara karatu tare da Rimsky-Korsakov. A lokaci guda, ya zama kusa da S. Diaghilev, masu fasaha na "Duniya na Art", sun halarci "Maraice na Music na zamani", kide-kide na sabon kiɗa, wanda A. Siloti ya shirya. Duk wannan ya zama abin ƙarfafa don saurin balaga fasaha. Gwaje-gwaje na farko na Stravinsky - Piano Sonata (1904), Faun da Shepherdess vocal and symphonic suite (1906), Symphony in E flat major (1907), Fantastic Scherzo da Fireworks for Orchestra (1908) suna da tasirin tasiri. na makaranta Rimsky-Korsakov da Faransa Impressionists. Duk da haka, daga lokacin da ballets The Firebird (1910), Petrushka (1911), The Rite of Spring (1913), wanda Diaghilev ya ba da izini ga Rasha Seasons, da aka shirya a Paris, an yi wani babban m dauki-off a cikin. nau'in cewa Stravinsky a cikin Ya kasance yana da sha'awar daga baya saboda, a cikin kalmominsa, ballet shine "kawai nau'i na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo wanda ke sanya ayyukan kyau kuma ba kome ba a matsayin ginshiƙi."

Triad na ballets bude na farko - "Rashanci" - lokaci na kerawa, mai suna don haka ba ga wurin zama (tun 1910 Stravinsky zauna a kasashen waje na dogon lokaci, da kuma a 1914 zauna a Switzerland), amma godiya ga peculiarities. tunanin kiɗan da ya bayyana a wancan lokacin, mai zurfi da gaske na ƙasa. Stravinsky ya juya zuwa ga tarihin Rasha, nau'o'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i). Firebird yana burgewa da ƙaƙƙarfan karimcinsa na launukan ƙungiyar makaɗa, bambance-bambance masu haske na waƙoƙin raye-raye na waƙoƙin waƙoƙi da raye-raye masu zafi. A cikin "Petrushka", wanda A. Benois ya kira "Ballet alfadari", waƙoƙin waƙa na birni, sanannen a farkon karni, sauti, hoto mai ban tsoro na bukukuwan Shrovetide ya zo rayuwa, wanda ke adawa da mutum kaɗai na wahala. Petrushka. Tsohuwar ibadar arna ta sadaukarwa ta ƙayyade abin da ke cikin “Sacred Spring”, wanda ya ƙunshi yunƙuri na farko don sabunta bazara, ƙaƙƙarfan runduna na halaka da halitta. Mawaƙin, ya shiga cikin zurfin tarihin tarihin tarihi, don haka ya sake sabunta yaren kiɗa da hotuna sosai wanda ballet ya yi kama da fashewar bam a kan mutanen zamaninsa. "Gidan hasken wuta na karni na XX" ya kira shi mawallafin Italiyanci A. Casella.

A cikin waɗannan shekarun, Stravinsky ya haɗa da ƙarfi, sau da yawa yana aiki akan ayyuka da yawa waɗanda suka bambanta a cikin hali da salon lokaci ɗaya. Waɗannan su ne, alal misali, al'amuran wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha The Wedding (1914-23), wanda a wata hanya ya yi kama da The Rite of Spring, da kuma wasan opera Nightingale (1914). Labarin game da Fox, Rooster, Cat da Tumaki, wanda ke farfado da al'adun gidan wasan kwaikwayo na buffoon (1917), yana kusa da Labarin Soja (1918), inda karin waƙa na Rasha ya riga ya fara raguwa, yana fadowa. a cikin fagen constructivism da abubuwan jazz.

A 1920 Stravinsky ya koma Faransa kuma a cikin 1934 ya ɗauki ɗan ƙasar Faransa. Lokaci ne na ɗimbin arziƙin ƙirƙira da aiwatarwa. Ga matasa tsara na Faransa composers Stravinsky ya zama mafi girma iko, "music master". Duk da haka, rashin nasarar takararsa na Cibiyar Nazarin Fine ta Faransa (1936), dangantakar kasuwanci mai ƙarfafawa tare da Amurka, inda sau biyu ya yi nasarar ba da kide-kide, kuma a cikin 1939 ya ba da wata hanya ta laccoci a kan kayan ado a Jami'ar Harvard - duk wannan ya sa ya motsa a farkon yakin duniya na biyu a Amurka. Ya zauna a Hollywood (California) kuma a cikin 1945 ya karɓi zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka.

Mafarin lokacin "Parisian" na Stravinsky ya zo daidai da juyayi mai kaifi zuwa neoclassicism, ko da yake a gaba ɗaya hoton aikinsa ya bambanta. Farawa da ballet Pulcinella (1920) zuwa kiɗa na G. Pergolesi, ya halicci dukan jerin ayyuka a cikin salon neoclassical: ballets Apollo Musagete (1928), Katin Wasa (1936), Orpheus (1947); opera-oratorio Oedipus Rex (1927); melodrama Persephone (1938); wasan opera The Rake's Progress (1951); Octet for Winds (1923), Symphony of Psalms (1930), Concerto for Violin and Orchestra (1931) da sauransu. Stravinsky's neoclassicism yana da halin duniya. Mawaƙin ya ƙirƙira nau'ikan kiɗan kiɗa daban-daban na zamanin JB Lully, JS Bach, KV Gluck, da nufin kafa "mafi girman tsari akan hargitsi." Wannan sifa ce ta Stravinsky, wanda ko da yaushe ya bambanta ta hanyar ƙoƙarinsa don ingantaccen horo na kerawa, wanda bai ba da izinin zubar da hankali ba. Haka ne, kuma tsarin yin kida na Stravinsky ba a yi shi ba ne kawai, amma "kullum, a kai a kai, kamar mutumin da ke da lokacin hukuma."

Waɗannan halaye ne suka ƙayyade yanayin yanayin juyin halitta na gaba. A cikin 50-60s. Mawaƙin ya shiga cikin kiɗan zamanin pre-Bach, ya juya zuwa ga Littafi Mai-Tsarki, makircin al'ada, kuma daga 1953 ya fara amfani da dabarar ƙira ta dodecaphonic mai ƙarfi. Waƙar Tsarkaka don Girmama Manzo Markus (1955), Ballet Agon (1957), Gesualdo di Venosa's Monument na 400th Anniversary Monument for Orchestra (1960), cantata-alagory Ambaliyar a cikin ruhun asirin Ingilishi na karni na 1962. (1966), Requiem ("Chants for the Dead", XNUMX) - waɗannan su ne ayyuka mafi mahimmanci na wannan lokacin.

Salon Stravinsky a cikin su yana ƙara zama mai ban sha'awa, tsaka tsaki mai ma'ana, kodayake mawaƙin da kansa ya yi magana game da kiyaye asalin ƙasa a cikin aikinsa: “Na kasance ina jin Rashanci a rayuwata, ina da salon Rasha. Wataƙila a cikin kiɗa na wannan ba a nan take ba, amma yana cikinsa, yana cikin yanayin ɓoye. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da Stravinsky ya yi na ƙarshe shine canon akan jigon waƙar Rasha "Ba Pine a Gates Swayed", wanda aka yi amfani da shi a baya a ƙarshen wasan ballet "Firebird".

Don haka, ya kammala rayuwarsa da tafarki na kirkire-kirkire, mawakin ya koma ga asalinsa, zuwa kiɗan da ke nuna abubuwan da suka gabata na Rasha mai nisa, wanda ko da yaushe yakan kasance a wani wuri a cikin zurfafan zuciya, wani lokaci yana warwarewa cikin maganganun, kuma musamman ma ya tsananta bayan. Ziyarar Stravinsky zuwa Tarayyar Soviet a cikin kaka na shekara ta 1962. A lokacin ne ya furta muhimman kalmomi: “Mutum yana da wurin haihuwa ɗaya, ƙasar haihuwa ɗaya – kuma wurin da aka haife shi shine babban al’amari a rayuwarsa.”

O. Averyanova

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