Max Reger |

Max Reger

Reger alama ce ta zamani, gada tsakanin ƙarni. E. Otto

Ƙwararrun ɗan gajeren rayuwa na fitaccen mawaƙin Jamus - mawaki, pianist, jagora, organist, malami da masanin ilimin - M. Reger ya faru a farkon karni na XNUMX-XNUMXth. Bayan ya fara aikinsa a cikin fasaha a cikin layi tare da marigayi romanticism, mafi yawa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar salon Wagnerian, Reger tun da farko ya sami wasu, ra'ayoyin gargajiya - da farko a cikin gado na JS Bach. Haɗin haɗin kai na soyayya tare da dogaro mai ƙarfi ga ingantaccen, bayyananne, hankali shine ainihin fasahar Reger, matsayinsa na fasaha na ci gaba, kusa da mawaƙa na ƙarni na XNUMX. "Mafi girman mawallafin neoclassicist na Jamus" an kira shi mawaki ta wurin babban abin sha'awarsa, babban mai sukar Rasha V. Karatygin, yayin da yake lura da cewa "Reger yaro ne na zamani, yana sha'awar dukan azaba da tsoro na zamani."

Mai hankali da amsawa ga abubuwan da suka faru na zamantakewar zamantakewa, rashin adalci na zamantakewa, Reger a duk rayuwarsa, tsarin ilimi yana hade da al'adun kasa - babban halayen su, al'adun sana'a na sana'a, sha'awar gabobin jiki, kayan aiki na ɗakin gida da kiɗa na choral. Wannan shi ne yadda mahaifinsa, malamin makaranta a cikin ƙaramin garin Bavaria na Weiden, ya rene shi, wannan shine yadda jagoran cocin Weiden A. Lindner da kuma babban masanin ilimin Jamus G. Riemann ya koyar, wanda ya sa Reger ƙauna ga ƙwararrun Jamus. Ta hanyar Riemann, kiɗa na I. Brahms har abada ya shiga tunanin matashin mawaki, wanda a cikin aikinsa ya fara gane haɗuwa na gargajiya da romantic. Ba daidai ba ne cewa shi ne Reger ya yanke shawarar aika aikinsa na farko - sashin jiki "A Memory of Bach" (1895). Matashin mawaƙin ya ɗauki amsar da aka samu jim kaɗan kafin mutuwar Brahms a matsayin albarka, kalmar rabuwa da babban ubangidan, wanda ya aiwatar da ƙa'idodin fasaha a hankali a rayuwarsa.

Reger ya sami basirar kiɗan sa na farko daga iyayensa (mahaifinsa ya koya masa ka'idar, wasa organ, violin da cello, mahaifiyarsa ta buga piano). Abubuwan da aka bayyana da farko sun ba yaron damar maye gurbin malaminsa Lindner a coci na tsawon shekaru 13, wanda a karkashin jagorancinsa ya fara rubutawa. A cikin 1890-93. Reger yana goge gwanintar tsarawa da iya aiki a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Riemann. Sa'an nan, a Wiesbaden, ya fara aikinsa na koyarwa, wanda ya dade a duk rayuwarsa, a Royal Academy of Music a Munich (1905-06), a Leipzig Conservatory (1907-16). A Leipzig, Reger kuma shi ne darektan kiɗa na jami'a. Daga cikin dalibansa akwai fitattun mawakan - I. Khas, O. Shek, E. Tokh, da sauransu. Reger kuma ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga wasan kwaikwayo, sau da yawa yana yin pianist da organist. A 1911-14 shekaru. ya jagoranci babban ɗakin sujada na kotu na Duke na Meiningen, yana ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar makaɗa mai ban sha'awa wacce ta mamaye Jamus da fasaha.

Duk da haka, aikin rubuta Reger bai sami karbuwa nan da nan a ƙasarsa ba. Farkon farko ba su yi nasara ba, kuma bayan mummunan rikici, a cikin 1898, ya sake samun kansa a cikin yanayi mai amfani na gidan iyayensa, mawaki ya shiga lokacin wadata. Domin shekaru 3 yana ƙirƙirar ayyuka da yawa - op. 20-59; Daga cikin su akwai gungu-gungu na ɗaki, guntun piano, waƙoƙin murya, amma ayyukan gaɓoɓin sun fice musamman - 7 fantasies akan jigogi na choral, Fantasia da fugue akan jigon BACH (1900). Balaga ya zo ga Reger, ra'ayinsa na duniya, ra'ayoyin fasaha a ƙarshe an kafa su. Bai taɓa faɗuwa cikin akida ba, Reger ya bi taken duk rayuwarsa: "Ba a yi sulhu a cikin kiɗa ba!" Ƙa'idar mawakin ta bayyana musamman a birnin Munich, inda abokan hamayyarsa na kiɗan suka kai masa hari mai zafi.

Babban adadi (146 opuses), gadon Reger ya bambanta sosai - duka a cikin nau'ikan (ba su da matakai kawai), kuma a cikin salo mai salo - daga zamanin pre-Bahov zuwa Schumann, Wagner, Brahms. Amma mawakin yana da nasa sha’awa ta musamman. Waɗannan su ne ƙungiyoyin ɗaki (70 opuses don nau'ikan ƙira iri-iri) da kiɗan gabobin (kimanin ƙungiyoyi 200). Ba daidaituwa ba ne cewa a wannan yanki ne aka fi jin dangin Reger tare da Bach, sha'awar sa ga polyphony, zuwa tsoffin kayan aikin kayan aiki. Furcin mawakin yana da halayyar: "Wasu suna yin fugues, Zan iya rayuwa a cikinsu kawai." Muhimmancin abubuwan haɗin gwiwar gaɓoɓin gaɓoɓin Reger yana da mahimmanci a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyar makaɗa da piano, daga cikinsu, maimakon sonatas na yau da kullun da kade-kade, tsawaita zagayowar bambance-bambancen polyphonic sun mamaye jigogi na J. Hiller da WA Mozart (1907) , 1914), Bambance-bambance da fugues don piano akan jigogi na JS Bach, GF Telemann, L. Beethoven (1904, 1914, 1904). Amma mawaƙin ya kuma mai da hankali ga nau'ikan soyayya (Orchestral Four Poems bayan A. Becklin - 1913, Romantic Suite bayan J. Eichendorff - 1912; cycles na piano da vocal miniatures). Ya kuma bar fitattun misalai a cikin nau'ikan mawaƙa - daga mawakan cappella zuwa cantatas da babbar Zabura ta 100 – 1909.

A ƙarshen rayuwarsa, Reger ya zama sananne, a cikin 1910 an shirya bikin kiɗansa a Dortmund. Daya daga cikin kasashen da suka fara gane hazakar ubangidan Jamus ita ce kasar Rasha, inda ya yi nasarar yin wasan kwaikwayo a shekarar 1906, inda matasan mawakan kasar Rasha suka tarbe shi karkashin jagorancin N. Myaskovsky da S. Prokofiev.

G. Zhdanova