Henryk Wieniawski |

Henryk Wieniawski ne adam wata

Venyavsky. Capriccio Waltz (Jascha Heifetz) →

Wannan mutum ne mai diabolical, sau da yawa yakan aiwatar da abin da ba zai yiwu ba, haka ma, yana cika shi. G. Berlioz

Romanticism ya haifar da ɗimbin kide-kiden kide kide da shahararrun virtuosos suka kirkira. Kusan dukkansu an manta da su, kuma kawai misalai na fasaha na fasaha ne kawai suka rage a fagen wasan kwaikwayo. Daga cikinsu akwai ayyukan G. Wieniawski. Ya concertos, mazurkas, polonaises, concert guda suna kunshe a cikin repertoire na kowane violin, sun shahara a kan mataki saboda babu shakka art yabo, mai haske salon kasa, da kuma m amfani da virtuoso damar na kayan aiki.

Tushen aikin dan wasan violin na Poland shine kiɗan jama'a, wanda ya fahimta tun lokacin ƙuruciya. A cikin aiwatar da fasaha, ya koya ta hanyar ayyukan F. Chopin, S. Moniuszko, K. Lipinski, wanda rabonsa ya fuskanta. Yin karatu tare da S. Servachinsky, sa'an nan a Paris tare da JL Massard, kuma a cikin abun da ke ciki tare da I. Collet ya ba Wieniawski kyakkyawan horo na sana'a. Tuni yana da shekaru 11, yana tsara Bambance-bambance akan jigon mazurka, kuma yana da shekaru 13, ayyukansa na farko sun bayyana a cikin bugawa - Babban Fantastic Caprice akan jigon asali da Sonata Allegro (an rubuta tare da ɗan'uwansa Jozef, ɗan pianist). ), wanda ya sami amincewar Berlioz.

Tun 1848 Venyavsky fara m yawon shakatawa a Turai da kuma Rasha, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa. Yana yin wasa tare da F. Liszt, A. Rubinstein, A. Nikish, K. Davydov, G. Ernst, I. Joachim, S. Taneyev da sauransu, suna haifar da farin ciki ga wasansa mai zafi. Wieniawski babu shakka ya kasance mafi kyawun violin a lokacinsa. Babu wanda zai iya yin gasa tare da shi a cikin ƙarfin zuciya da sikelin wasan, kyawun sauti, kyawawan halaye masu ban sha'awa. Wadannan halaye ne aka bayyana a cikin abubuwan da ya tsara, yana ƙayyade kewayon ma'anar su, hotuna, kayan aiki masu launi.

Wani tasiri mai tasiri a kan ci gaban aikin Venyavsky ya kasance ta hanyar zamansa a Rasha, inda ya kasance mai soloist na kotu (1860-72), farfesa na farko na violin a St. Petersburg Conservatory (1862-68). A nan ya zama abokai tare da Tchaikovsky, Anton da Nikolai Rubinstein, A. Esipova, C. Cui da sauransu, a nan ya halicci adadi mai yawa. A cikin 1872-74. Venyavsky yawon shakatawa a Amurka tare da A. Rubinstein, sannan yana koyarwa a Brussels Conservatory. A lokacin yawon shakatawa na Rasha a 1879 Venyavsky ya kamu da rashin lafiya mai tsanani. Bisa bukatar N. Rubinstein, N. von Meck ya sanya shi a gidanta. Duk da kulawa da hankali, Venyavsky ya mutu kafin ya kai shekaru 45. Zuciyarsa ta raunana ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo maras nauyi.

Aikin Wieniawski yana da alaƙa gaba ɗaya tare da violin, kamar yadda aikin Chopin yake da piano. Ya sanya violin yayi magana a cikin wani sabon harshe mai launi, ya bayyana yuwuwar ta timbre, virtuosic, kayan ado masu ban sha'awa. Yawancin fasahohin bayyanawa da ya samo sun kafa tushen fasahar violin na karni na XNUMX.

A cikin duka, Venyavsky ya kirkiro ayyukan 40, wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance ba a buga su ba. Biyu daga cikin raye-rayen violin nasa sun shahara a dandalin. Na farko yana cikin nau'in wasan kwaikwayo na "babban" virtuoso-romantic concerto, yana fitowa daga kide-kide na N. Paganini. virtuoso mai shekaru goma sha takwas ya halicce shi a lokacin zamansa tare da Liszt a Weimar kuma ya bayyana a cikinsa sha'awar matasa, ɗaukakar ji. Babban hoton jarumin soyayya mara kaushi, yana shawo kan duk wani cikas, yana fitowa daga rikice-rikice masu ban mamaki da duniya ta hanyar ɗaukaka mai ɗaukaka zuwa nutsewa cikin gudanawar rayuwa.

Wasan kide-kide na biyu zane ne na wakoki-romantic. Dukkanin sassa suna haɗuwa da jigo ɗaya na lyrical - jigon soyayya, mafarki na kyakkyawa, wanda ke samun babban ci gaba mai ban sha'awa a cikin kide kide da wake-wake daga nesa, kyakkyawan manufa, yana adawa da rikicewar rikice-rikice na ji, zuwa ga murna murna, nasara ta haske farawa.

A cikin duk nau'ikan nau'ikan da Wieniawski ya juya, ɗan wasan Poland na kasa ya yi tasiri. A zahiri, ana jin daɗin ɗan adam musamman a cikin nau'ikan da suka girma daga raye-rayen Yaren mutanen Poland. Mazurkas na Wieniawski fitattun wurare ne daga rayuwar jama'a. An bambanta su da melodiousness, na roba rhythm, yin amfani da wasa dabaru na jama'a violinists. Polonaises na Wieniawski guda biyu sune nau'ikan kide-kide na virtuoso waɗanda aka kirkira a ƙarƙashin tasirin Chopin da Lipinski (wanda aka sadaukar da Polonaise na farko). Suna zana hotunan jerin gwano, nishaɗin shagali. Idan lyrical talent na Yaren mutanen Poland artist ya bayyana a cikin mazurkas, sa'an nan a cikin polonaises - sikelin da yanayin da ke cikin salon wasan kwaikwayonsa. Babban wuri a cikin repertoire na violinists aka shagaltar da irin wannan wasanni kamar "Legend", Scherzo-tarantella, Original theme tare da bambance-bambancen karatu, "Rasha Carnival", Fantasia a kan jigogi na opera "Faust" by Ch. Gounod, etc.

Abubuwan da aka tsara na Venyavsky sun rinjayi ba kawai ayyukan da 'yan wasan violin suka haifar ba, alal misali, E. Yzai, wanda yake dalibinsa, ko F. Kreisler, amma a gaba ɗaya yawancin abubuwan da aka rubuta na violin repertoire, ya isa ya nuna ayyukan Tchaikovsky. , N. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. Glazunov. Yaren mutanen Poland virtuoso ya ƙirƙiri "hoton violin" na musamman, wanda ke jan hankali tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran kide kide, alheri, jin daɗin jin daɗi, da asalin ƙasa na gaske.

V. Grigoriev

Venyavsky shine mafi kyawun siffa a cikin fasahar kirkire-kirkire-romantic na rabin farkon karni na XNUMX. Ya kiyaye al'adun wannan fasaha har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa. "Ku tuna, ku biyu," in ji Nikolai Rubinstein da Leopold Auer a kan gadon mutuwarsa, "Carnival na Venice yana mutuwa tare da ni."

Lalle ne, tare da Venyavsky, duk wani yanayin da ya samo asali a cikin wasan violin na duniya, na musamman, na asali, wanda masanin Paganini ya haifar, ya ɓace, ya koma baya, "Carnival Venetian" wanda mai zane mai mutuwa ya ambata.

Sun rubuta game da Venyavsky: "Bakansa na sihiri yana da ban sha'awa sosai, sautunan violin nasa suna da tasirin sihiri ga rai wanda ba zai iya jin isashen wannan mai fasaha ba." A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Venyavsky, "wuta mai tsarki tana tafasa, wanda ba da son rai ba ya burge ku, ko dai yana jin daɗin duk hankalin ku, ko kuma yana shafa kunnuwanku a hankali."

"A cikin yanayin aikinsa, wanda ya haɗu da wuta, sha'awar Pole tare da ladabi da dandano na Faransanci, ya nuna ainihin mutum, yanayi mai ban sha'awa na fasaha. Wasan da ya yi ya dauki hankulan masu saurare, kuma ya mallaki karfin da ba kasafai ba, na iya jan hankalin masu sauraro tun farkon bayyanarsa.

A lokacin fadace-fadace tsakanin Romantics da Classicists, kare matasa, balagagge art art, Odoevsky ya rubuta: "Marubucin wannan labarin zai iya kawai kira kansa a tarihi na zargi. Ya yi tsayayya da rikice-rikice da yawa game da fasaha, wanda yake ƙauna da sha'awar, kuma yanzu a cikin al'amarin wannan fasaha ya ba da muryarsa kuma, ya watsar da duk wani ra'ayi, ya shawarci dukan matasanmu masu fasaha su bar wannan tsohuwar makarantar Kreutzer da Rodeva, wanda ya dace a cikin mu. karni don ilimin kawai masu fasaha na matsakaici don ƙungiyar makaɗa. Sun tattara kyauta mai kyau daga karninsu - kuma hakan ya isa. Yanzu muna da namu virtuosos, tare da ma'auni mai faɗi, tare da sassauƙa masu haske, tare da waƙa mai ban sha'awa, tare da tasiri iri-iri. Bari masu bitar mu su kira shi quackery. Jama'a da mutanen da suka san fasaha za su mutunta mummunan hukuncinsu da murmushin ban mamaki.

Fantasy, capricious improvisation, m da bambance-bambancen sakamako, m motsin zuciyarmu - wadannan su ne halaye da cewa bambanta romantic yi, kuma tare da wadannan halaye ya saba wa m canons na gargajiya makaranta. Odoevsky ya ci gaba da cewa: "Da alama sautin, a kalaman hannun dama, suna tashi daga violin da kansu." Da alama tsuntsu mai 'yanci ya hau sama ya miƙe fikafikansa kala-kala zuwa sama.

Sana'ar soyayya ta kona zukata da harshenta, da kuma raya ruhohi da ilhama. Hatta yanayi an yi waka. Dan wasan violin na Norwegian Ole Bull, yayin da yake Roma, "ya inganta a cikin Colosseum bisa bukatar wasu masu fasaha, daga cikinsu akwai shahararrun Thorvaldsen da Fernley ... An ji sautin wani mai fasaha da aka yi wahayi, kuma inuwar manyan Romawa sun yi kama, sun saurari waƙoƙinsa na arewa.

Wieniawski na wannan yunkuri ne gaba daya, yana raba dukkan kyawawan halaye, amma kuma wani bangare daya ne. Hatta manyan ’yan wasan violin na makarantar Maguzawa wani lokaci sukan sadaukar da zurfin kiɗan don yin tasiri, kuma ƙwaƙƙwaran nagarta ta burge su sosai. Halin kirki ya burge masu sauraro shima. Alamar alatu, haske da ƙarfin hali na kayan aiki ba kawai salon ba ne, amma har ma da bukata.

Duk da haka, rayuwar Venyavsky ta wuce shekaru biyu. Ya tsira daga soyayya, wanda ya dumama duk abin da ke kewaye da shi a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, kuma yana alfahari da kiyaye al'adunsa lokacin da fasahar soyayya, a cikin sifofin sifofinsa a farkon rabin karni na XNUMX, ya riga ya mutu. A lokaci guda, Venyavsky ya sami tasirin tasirin romanticism daban-daban. Har zuwa tsakiyar rayuwarsa ta halitta, manufa a gare shi ita ce Paganini kuma kawai Paganini. Biyan misalinsa, Venyavsky ya rubuta "Carnival na Rasha", ta yin amfani da irin tasirin da "Carnival of Venice" ke cike da; Paganin's harmonics da pizzicato suna ƙawata tunaninsa na violin - "Memories na Moscow", "Red Sundress". Yakamata a kara da cewa abubuwan da suka shafi Poland na kasa koyaushe suna da ƙarfi a cikin fasahar Wieniawski, kuma iliminsa na Paris ya sa al'adun kiɗan Faransa kusa da shi. Kayan kayan aiki na Venyavsky ya kasance sananne saboda haske, alheri, da ladabi, wanda gaba ɗaya ya jagoranci shi daga kayan aikin Paganiniev.

A cikin rabi na biyu na rayuwarsa, watakila ba tare da tasirin 'yan'uwan Rubinstein ba, wanda Venyavsky ya kasance kusa da shi, lokaci ya zo don sha'awar Mendelssohn. Ya ci gaba da yin ayyukan Leipzig master kuma, yana shirya Concerto na Biyu, a fili yana jagoranta ta hanyar kide-kide na violin.

Ƙasar mahaifar Wieniawski ita ce tsohuwar birnin Lublin na Poland. An haife shi a kan Yuli 10, 1835 a cikin iyali na likita Tadeusz Wieniawski, wanda aka bambanta da ilimi da kuma musicality. Mahaifiyar 'yar wasan violin na gaba, Regina Venyavskaya, ta kasance ɗan wasan pian mai kyau.

Horon Violin ya fara yana ɗan shekara 6 tare da ɗan wasan violin na gida Jan Gornzel. Sha'awar wannan kayan aiki da kuma sha'awar koyo a kai ya taso a cikin yaron a sakamakon wasan da ya ji na dan wasan violin na Hungary Miska Gauser, wanda ya ba da kide-kide a 1841 a Lublin.

Bayan Gornzel, wanda ya kafa tushen fasahar violin na Wieniawski, an mika yaron ga Stanisław Serwaczynski. Wannan malamin yana da sa'a don zama mai koyarwa na biyu daga cikin manyan violin na karni na XNUMX - Wieniawski da Joachim: a lokacin zaman Serwaczynski a Pest, Josef Joachim ya fara karatu tare da shi.

Nasarar da ɗan ƙaramin Henryk ya samu sun kasance masu ban mamaki sosai cewa mahaifinsa ya yanke shawarar nuna shi ga ɗan wasan violin na Czech Panofka wanda ya ba da kide-kide a Warsaw. Ya yi farin ciki da basirar yaron kuma ya shawarce shi ya kai shi Paris zuwa shahararren malamin Lambert Massard (1811-1892). A cikin kaka na 1843, Henryk ya tafi Paris tare da mahaifiyarsa. Ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba, an shigar da shi a cikin matsayi na daliban Paris Conservatory, sabanin tsarinta, wanda ya ba da izinin shigar da yara daga shekaru 12. Venyavsky a lokacin yana da shekaru 8 kawai!

Kawunsa, ɗan'uwan mahaifiyarsa, sanannen ɗan wasan pian ɗan ƙasar Poland Eduard Wolf, wanda ya shahara a da'irar kiɗa na babban birnin Faransa, ya taka rawar gani sosai a cikin makomar yaron. Bisa ga roƙon Wolf, Massard, bayan ya saurari matashin violin, ya kai shi ajinsa.

I. Reise, marubucin tarihin rayuwar Venyavsky, ya ce Massard, ya yi mamakin iyawa da sauraron yaron, ya yanke shawarar wani gwaji na ban mamaki - ya tilasta masa ya koyi wasan kwaikwayo na Rudolf Kreutzer da kunne, ba tare da taɓa violin ba.

A 1846 Venyavsky ya sauke karatu daga Conservatory tare da nasara, ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko a gasar karatun digiri da kuma babban lambar zinariya. Tun da Venyavsky ya kasance mai riƙe da malanta na Rasha, matashin wanda ya ci nasara ya karɓi violin Guarneri del Gesu daga tarin Tsar na Rasha.

Ƙarshen ɗakin ajiyar ya kasance mai haske sosai cewa Paris ta fara magana game da Venyavsky. Iyayen violin suna ba da kwangiloli don yawon shakatawa na kide kide. Venyavskys suna kewaye da girmamawa ga baƙi na Poland, suna da Mickiewicz a gidansu; Gioacchino Rossini ya yaba da basirar Henryk.

A lokacin da Henryk ya sauke karatu daga Conservatory, mahaifiyarsa ta kawo danta na biyu zuwa Paris - Jozef, dan wasan pianist na gaba. Saboda haka, Wieniawskis ya zauna a babban birnin Faransa har tsawon shekaru 2, kuma Henryk ya ci gaba da karatunsa tare da Massar.

Ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 1848, 'yan'uwan Venyavsky sun ba da kide-kide na bankwana a Paris kuma suka tafi Rasha. Da yake tsayawa na ɗan lokaci a Lublin, Henryk ya tafi St. Petersburg. Anan, a ranar 31 ga Maris, 18 ga Afrilu, 4 da 16 ga Mayu, an gudanar da wasannin kade-kade da wake-wake na shi kadai, wadanda suka samu gagarumar nasara.

Venyavsky ya kawo shirinsa na Conservatory zuwa St. Petersburg. Concerto na sha bakwai na Viotti ya mamaye babban wuri a ciki. Massard ya koyar da dalibansa a makarantar gargajiya ta Faransa. Yin la'akari da bitar St. Irin wannan hanyar "na shakatawa" na gargajiya ba banda ba ne a wancan lokacin, yawancin kyawawan halaye sunyi zunubi tare da wannan. Duk da haka, ba ta gamu da tausayi daga mabiyan makarantar gargajiya ba. "Za a iya ɗauka," in ji mai bitar, "cewa Venyavsky bai riga ya fahimci cikakken kwanciyar hankali, yanayin wannan aikin ba."

Tabbas, matasan mawaƙin kuma sun shafi sha'awar nagarta. Duk da haka, to, ya riga ya buga ba kawai tare da fasaha ba, amma kuma tare da motsin zuciyar wuta. "Wannan yaro haziƙi ne marar shakka," in ji Vieuxtan, wanda ya halarci bikin nasa, "saboda a shekarunsa ba zai yiwu a yi wasa da irin wannan sha'awar ba, har ma da irin wannan fahimta da kuma irin wannan shiri mai zurfi. . Sashin inji na wasansa zai ci gaba, amma ko a yanzu yana taka leda a hanyar da babu ɗayanmu da ya buga a shekarunsa.

A cikin shirye-shiryen Venyavsky, masu sauraro suna sha'awar ba kawai game da wasan ba, har ma da ayyukansa. Matashin ya tsara nau'ikan bambance-bambance da wasan kwaikwayo - soyayya, dare, da sauransu.

Daga St. Duk da haka, Venyavsky mafarki na ci gaba da ilimi, yanzu a cikin abun da ke ciki. Iyaye sun nemi izini daga hukumomin Rasha don sake zuwa Paris, kuma a cikin 1849 mahaifiyar da 'ya'yanta sun tafi Faransa. A kan hanyar, a Dresden, Henryk yana wasa a gaban shahararren dan wasan violin na Poland Karol Lipinski. "Ya son Genek sosai," Venyavskaya ya rubuta wa mijinta. “Mun ma buga Mozart Quartet, wato, Lipinski da Genek suna buga violin, ni da Yuzik kuma muna buga sassan cello da viola a kan piano. Abin farin ciki ne, amma kuma akwai abubuwan mamaki. Farfesa Lipinski ya tambayi Genek ya buga violin na farko. Kuna ganin yaron ya ji kunya? Ya jagoranci 'yan hudun kamar ya san maki sosai. Lipinski ya ba mu wasiƙar shawarwari ga Liszt.

A Paris, Wieniawski ya yi nazarin abun da ke ciki na shekara guda tare da Hippolyte Collet. Wasiƙun mahaifiyarsa sun ce yana da wuyar yin aiki a kan zane-zane na Kreutzer kuma yana da niyyar rubuta nasa karatun. Ya karanta da yawa: wanda ya fi so shine Hugo, Balzac, George Sand da Stendhal.

Amma yanzu horon ya kare. A jarrabawar karshe, Wieniawski ya nuna nasarorinsa a matsayin mawaki - "Village Mazurka" da Fantasia akan jigogi daga opera "Annabi" na Meyerbeer. Sake - lambar yabo ta farko! "Hector Berlioz ya zama mai sha'awar basirar 'ya'yanmu maza," Venyavskaya ya rubuta wa mijinta.

Kafin Henrik ya buɗe faffadan kide kide na hanya virtuoso. Matashi ne, kyakkyawa, kyakkyawa, yana da buɗaɗɗen hali mai fara'a da ke jan hankalin zukata zuwa gare shi, kuma wasansa yana ɗaukar masu sauraro. A cikin littafin "The Magic Violin" na E. Chekalsky, wanda ke da tabawa na littafin tabloid, an ba da cikakkun bayanai masu yawa na abubuwan ban sha'awa na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Don Juan.

1851-1853 Venyavsky ya zagaya kasar Rasha, inda ya yi balaguro mai ban mamaki a wancan lokacin zuwa manyan biranen kasar ta Turai. Baya ga St.

Littafin shahararren ɗan wasan violin na Rasha V. Bezekirsky ya kwatanta wani labari mai ban sha'awa daga rayuwar Venyavsky, wanda ke nuna yanayinsa mara kyau, mai tsananin kishin nasararsa a fagen fasaha. Har ila yau, wannan labarin yana da ban sha'awa a cikin cewa yana nuna yadda Venyavsky ya bi da matsayi a cikin rashin kunya lokacin da girmansa a matsayin mai zane ya ji rauni.

Wata rana a cikin 1852, Venyavsky ya ba da kide-kide a Moscow tare da Wilma Neruda, ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun violin na Czech. "Wannan maraice, mai ban sha'awa na kiɗa, an yi masa alama da wani babban abin kunya tare da mummunan sakamako. Venyavsky taka leda a farkon kashi, kuma, ba shakka, tare da gagarumin nasara, a cikin na biyu - Neruda, da kuma lokacin da ta gama, Vieuxtan, wanda yake a cikin zauren, ya kawo mata wani bouquet. Masu sauraro, kamar suna cin gajiyar wannan lokacin da ya dace, sun ba wa ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwaƙƙwarar surutu. Wannan ya cutar da Venyavsky sosai wanda ba zato ba tsammani ya sake bayyana a kan mataki tare da violin kuma ya bayyana da karfi cewa yana so ya tabbatar da fifikonsa akan Neruda. Jama'a ne suka yi ta cincirindo a kewayen dandalin, daga cikinsu akwai wani Janar na soja wanda bai yi shakkar yin magana da babbar murya ba. Venyavsky cike da farin ciki, yana son ya fara wasa, ya buga kafadarsa da baka ya tambaye shi ya daina magana. Washegari Venyavsky ya sami umarni daga Gwamna-Janar Zakrevsky ya bar Moscow a karfe 24 na rana.

A farkon lokacin rayuwarsa, 1853 ya tsaya a waje, mai arziki a cikin kide kide da wake-wake (Moscow, Karlsbad, Marienbad, Aachen, Leipzig, inda Venyavsky mamaki da masu sauraro tare da kwanan nan kammala fis-moll concerto) da kuma hada ayyukan. Henryk yana da alama ya damu da kerawa. Na farko polonaise, "Memories na Moscow", etudes for solo violin, da dama mazurkas, elegiac adagio. Ƙaunar soyayya ba tare da kalmomi ba da kuma Rondo duk sun kasance tun 1853. Gaskiya ne cewa yawancin abubuwan da ke sama an yi su a baya kuma yanzu sun sami kammalawar ƙarshe.

A 1858 Venyavsky ya zama kusa da Anton Rubinstein. Wakokinsu a birnin Paris babban nasara ne. A cikin shirin, daga cikin ɓangarorin virtuoso na yau da kullun akwai Beethoven Concerto da Kreutzer Sonata. A cikin ɗakin maraice Venyavsky ya yi quartet na Rubinstein, ɗaya daga cikin sonatas na Bach da Mendelssohn's uku. Duk da haka, salon wasansa ya kasance na virtuoso ne. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Carnival na Venice, wani bita daga 1858 ya ce, "ya ƙara haɓaka abubuwan ban mamaki da barkwanci da magabata suka gabatar a cikin salon."

Shekara ta 1859 ta zama wani juyi a cikin sirri rayuwa Venyavsky. An yi alama ta abubuwa biyu - haɗin kai ga Isabella Osborne-Hampton, dangi na mawallafin Ingilishi da 'yar Ubangiji Thomas Hampton, da gayyatar zuwa St. reshen St. Petersburg na Ƙungiyar Kiɗa ta Rasha.

An yi auren Venyavsky a Paris a watan Agusta 1860. Berlioz da Rossini sun halarci bikin auren. Bisa ga buƙatar iyayen amarya, Venyavsky ya ba da inshora ga rayuwarsa don adadi mai yawa na 200 francs. “Babban gudummawar da ake ba wa kamfanin inshora duk shekara sun kasance tushen matsalar kuɗi ga Venyavsky kuma ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da suka kai shi ga mutuwarsa,” in ji marubucin tarihin Soviet na ɗan violin I. Yampolsky.

Bayan da aure Venyavsky dauki Isabella zuwa mahaifarsa. Na ɗan lokaci sun zauna a Lublin, sannan suka koma Warsaw, inda suka zama abokai na kud da kud da Moniuszko.

Venyavsky ya zo St. A 1859, da Rasha Musical Society (RMO) da aka bude, a 1861 gyare-gyare ya fara, wanda ya halakar da tsohon hanyar serfdom a Rasha. Ga duk rabin zuciyarsu, waɗannan gyare-gyare sun canza ainihin gaskiyar Rasha. Shekaru 60 sun kasance suna da alamar haɓaka mai ƙarfi na 'yanci, ra'ayoyin dimokuradiyya, wanda ya haifar da sha'awar kasa da gaskiya a fagen fasaha. Ra'ayoyin wayewar dimokuradiyya sun tayar da hankali mafi kyau, kuma yanayin halin Venyavsky, ba shakka, ba zai iya zama mai sha'awar abin da ke faruwa a kusa ba. Tare da Anton Rubinstein Venyavsky dauki kai tsaye da kuma aiki bangare a cikin kungiyar na Rasha Conservatory. A cikin kaka na 1860, an buɗe azuzuwan kiɗa a cikin tsarin RMO - maɗaukakin ɗakin ajiya. "Mafi kyawun rundunonin kiɗa na wancan lokacin, waɗanda suke a St. Petersburg," Rubinstein daga baya ya rubuta, "sun ba da aikinsu da lokaci don biyan kuɗi mai matsakaici, idan kawai don kafa tushe don kyakkyawan dalili: Leshetitsky, Nissen-Saloman, Venyavsky da sauransu sun ɗauka ya faru ... a cikin azuzuwan kiɗa a cikin Fadar Mikhailovsky kawai ruble na azurfa a kowane darasi.

A bude Conservatory Venyavsky ya zama farfesa na farko a cikin aji na violin da ɗakin taro. Ya zama mai sha'awar koyarwa. Yawancin matasa masu basira sun yi karatu a cikin ajinsa - K. Putilov, D. Panov, V. Salin, wanda daga baya ya zama fitattun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da masu kida. Dmitry Panov, malami a Conservatory, ya jagoranci Rasha Quartet (Panov, Leonov, Egorov, Kuznetsov); Konstantin Putilov fitaccen mawaƙin soloist ne, Vasily Salin ya koyar a Kharkov, Moscow da Chisinau, kuma ya shagaltu da ayyukan ɗaki. P. Krasnokutsky, daga baya mataimaki ga Auer, ya fara karatu tare da Venyavsky; I. Altani ya bar ajin Venyavsky, duk da cewa an fi saninsa da madugu, ba violin ba. A general, Venyavsky aiki 12 mutane.

A bayyane yake, Venyavsky ba shi da tsarin koyarwa da ya ci gaba kuma ba malami ba ne a cikin ma'anar kalmar, duk da cewa shirin da ya rubuta, wanda aka adana a cikin Taskar Tarihi na Jihar a Leningrad, ya nuna cewa ya nemi ilmantar da dalibansa a kan nau'o'in daban-daban. repertoire wanda ya ƙunshi babban adadin ayyukan gargajiya. "A cikinsa da kuma a cikin aji, babban mai fasaha, mai ban sha'awa, wanda aka kwashe, ba tare da kamewa ba, ba tare da tsari ba, yana da tasiri," in ji V. Bessel, yana tunawa da shekarun karatunsa. Amma, "ba tare da faɗi cewa maganganun da kuma nunin kanta ba, wato, wasan kwaikwayon a cikin aji na sassa masu wuya, da kuma alamun da suka dace na hanyoyin aikin, duk wannan, tare da juna, yana da farashi mai yawa. ” A cikin aji, Venyavsky ya kasance mai zane-zane, mai zane-zane wanda ya burge dalibansa kuma ya rinjayi su tare da wasan kwaikwayo da yanayin fasaha.

Baya ga koyarwa, Venyavsky ya yi sauran ayyuka da yawa a Rasha. Ya kasance mawaƙin solo a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Imperial Opera da Ballet, ɗan soloist na kotu, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin madugu. Amma, ba shakka, mafi yawan Venyavsky ya kasance mai wasan kwaikwayo, ya ba da kide-kide na solo da yawa, wanda aka buga a cikin gungu, ya jagoranci RMS quartet.

Quartet ya buga a 1860-1862 tare da mambobi masu zuwa: Venyavsky, Pikkel, Weikman, Schubert; tun 1863, Karl Schubert aka maye gurbinsu da fitaccen Rasha cellist Karl Yulievich Davydov. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, quartet na reshen St. Yanayin soyayyarsa ya yi zafi sosai kuma yana son kansa don a kiyaye shi cikin tsayayyen tsarin wasan kwaikwayo. Duk da haka, aiki akai-akai a cikin quartet ya shirya har ma da shi, ya sa aikinsa ya fi girma da zurfi.

Duk da haka, ba kawai quartet ba, amma dukan yanayi na rayuwar kiɗa na Rasha, sadarwa tare da irin waɗannan mawaƙa kamar A. Rubinstein, K. Davydov, M. Balakirev, M. Mussorgsky, N. Rimsky-Korsakov, yana da tasiri mai amfani akan Venyavsky kamar yadda yake. mai fasaha ta hanyoyi da yawa. Aikin nasa na Wienyavsky ya nuna yadda sha'awar sa game da tasirin bravura na fasaha ya ragu kuma sha'awar waƙoƙin ya ƙaru.

Har ila yau, repertoire na kide-kide nasa ya canza, inda manyan litattafai suka mamaye babban wurin - Chaconne, solo sonatas da partitas by Bach, violin concerto, sonatas da quartets na Beethoven. Na sonatas na Beethoven, ya fi son Kreutzer. Watakila ta kasance kusa da shi cikin hasarar wakokinta. Venyavsky ya sha buga wasan Kreutzer Sonata tare da A. Rubinstein, kuma a lokacin zamansa na karshe a Rasha, ya taba yin wasa tare da S. Taneyev. Ya tsara nasa cadenzas don Beethoven's Violin Concerto.

Fassarar Venyavsky na litattafan gargajiya ta shaida zurfafa fasahar fasaharsa. A shekara ta 1860, lokacin da ya fara isa Rasha, mutum zai iya karantawa a cikin sake dubawa game da kide-kide nasa: "Idan muka yi hukunci da gaske, ba tare da haskakawa ba, ba zai yiwu ba a lura cewa ƙarin kwanciyar hankali, rashin jin tsoro a cikin wasan kwaikwayo a nan zai zama. Ƙari mai amfani ga kamala” (Muna magana ne game da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Mendelssohn). Shekaru hudu bayan haka, kimanta aikin da ya yi na ɗaya daga cikin kwata-kwata na ƙarshe na Beethoven ta irin wannan dabarar mai hankali kamar IS Turgenev yana da halaye daban-daban. A ranar 14 ga Janairu, 1864, Turgenev ya rubuta wa Pauline Viardot cewa: “A yau na ji Beethoven Quartet, Op. 127 (posthume), wanda Venyavsky da Davydov suka buga tare da kamala. Ya bambanta da na Morin da Chevillard. Wieniawski ya girma sosai tun lokacin da na ji shi na ƙarshe; ya buga Bach's Chaconne don solo violin ta yadda ya sami damar sa kansa sauraron ko da bayan Joachim mara misaltuwa.

Rayuwar sirri Venyavsky ya canza kadan ko da bayan aurensa. Bai huce ba sam. Teburin cacan da ba a gama ba sai mata suka yi masa lallashi.

Auer ya bar hoton mai rai na Wieniawski. Da zarar a Wiesbaden ya ziyarci gidan caca. "Lokacin da na shiga gidan caca, wa kuke tsammanin na gani daga nesa, idan ba Henryk Wieniawski ba, wanda ya zo wurina daga bayan ɗayan tebur ɗin caca, tsayi, mai baƙar fata dogon gashi a la Liszt da manyan idanu masu duhu… Ya gaya mini cewa mako guda da ya wuce ya buga wasa a Caen, cewa ya zo daga St. Petersburg tare da Nikolai Rubinstein, kuma a lokacin da ya lura da ni, ya shagala. aikin a ɗaya daga cikin tebur na caca, ya yi amfani da "tsarin" don haka daidai cewa yana fatan ya lalata banki na gidan caca na Wiesbaden a cikin mafi ƙarancin lokaci. Shi da Nikolai Rubinstein sun haɗu da manyan biranen su tare, kuma tun da Nikolai yana da halin da ya dace, yanzu ya ci gaba da wasan shi kadai. Venyavsky ya bayyana mani duk cikakkun bayanai na wannan "tsarin" mai ban mamaki, wanda, a cewarsa, yana aiki ba tare da kasawa ba. Tun zuwan su,” in ji shi, “kusan makonni biyu da suka gabata, kowannensu ya zuba jari 1000 a kasuwancin gama-gari, kuma tun daga ranar farko yana kawo musu riba 500 a kullum.”

Rubinstein da Venyavsky sun ja Auer cikin "aikin" su ma. "Tsarin" na abokan biyu sunyi aiki da kyau don kwanaki da yawa, kuma abokai sun jagoranci rayuwa marar damuwa da jin dadi. "Na fara karɓar rabona na samun kudin shiga kuma ina tunanin barin matsayi na a Düsseldorf don samun aiki na dindindin a Wiesbaden ko Baden-Baden don" aiki" sa'o'i da yawa a rana bisa ga sanannen "tsarin" ... amma ... wata rana Rubinstein ya bayyana, ya rasa duk kuɗin.

– Me za mu yi yanzu? Na tambaya. – Do? ya amsa da cewa, "ya za ayi? "Za mu ci abincin rana!"

Venyavsky ya zauna a Rasha har zuwa 1872. Shekaru 4 kafin wannan, wato, a cikin 1868, ya bar ɗakin ajiyar kaya, yana ba da hanya zuwa Auer. Mai yiwuwa, bai so ya zauna bayan Anton Rubinstein ya bar ta, wanda ya yi murabus a matsayin darekta a 1867 saboda rashin jituwa da yawancin furofesoshi. Venyavsky babban abokin Rubinstein ne, kuma, a fili, halin da ake ciki wanda ya ci gaba a cikin Conservatory bayan tafiyar Anton Grigorievich ya zama wanda ba a yarda da shi ba. Dangane da tashinsa daga Rasha a shekara ta 1872, dangane da haka, watakila, karon da ya yi da gwamnan Warsaw, mai tsananin kishin mulkin Poland, Count FF Berg, ya taka rawa.

Da zarar, a wani wurin kide-kide na kotu, Wieniawski ya sami gayyata daga Berg don ya ziyarce shi a Warsaw don ya ba da kida. Sai dai da ya zo wurin gwamnan sai ya kore shi daga ofishin, yana mai cewa ba shi da lokacin yin kide-kide. Barin Venyavsky ya juya zuwa ga adjutant:

"Fada mani, ko yaushe mataimakin roy yana da ladabi ga baƙi?" – Oh iya iya! in ji bahaushe adjutant. "Ba ni da wani zabi illa in taya ka murna," in ji mai violin, yana bankwana da adjutan.

Lokacin da adjutan ya ba da rahoton kalmomin Wieniawski ga Berg, ya fusata kuma ya ba da umarnin a aika da mai zane mai taurin kai daga Warsaw da karfe 24 na dare saboda zagin wani babban jami'in tsarin. An ga Wieniawski da furanni daga dukan Warsaw na kiɗa. Amma abin da ya faru da gwamnan ya yi tasiri a matsayinsa a kotun Rasha. Saboda haka, da nufin yanayi Venyavsky ya bar kasar da ya ba 12 daga cikin mafi m shekaru na rayuwarsa.

Rayuwa mara kyau, giya, wasan kati, mata sun lalata lafiyar Wieniawski da wuri. Cutar zuciya mai tsanani ta fara a Rasha. Wani bala'i a gare shi shi ne tafiya zuwa Amurka a 1872 tare da Anton Rubinstein, a lokacin da suka ba da kide-kide 244 a cikin kwanaki 215. Bugu da kari, Venyavsky ya ci gaba da jagorantar rayuwar daji. Ya fara dangantaka da mawaki Paola Lucca. "A cikin rawar daji na kide-kide da wasan kwaikwayo, mai wasan violin ya sami lokaci don caca. Kamar ya kona ransa da gangan, bai hana lafiyar da ya riga ya yi ba.

Mai zafi, mai zafi, mai sha'awar ɗaukar nauyi, Venyavsky zai iya kare kansa kwata-kwata? Bayan haka, ya ƙone a cikin komai - a cikin fasaha, cikin ƙauna, a rayuwa. Ƙari ga haka, ba shi da dangantaka ta ruhaniya da matarsa. Karama, bourgeois mai mutuntawa, ta haifi 'ya'ya hudu, amma ta kasa, kuma ba ta son zama mafi girma fiye da duniyar danginta. Abinci mai dadi kawai ta kula da mijinta. Ta ciyar da shi duk da cewa Venyavsky, wanda ke samun kiba da rashin lafiya tare da zuciya, yana da haɗari ga mutuwa. Abubuwan fasaha na mijinta sun kasance baƙo a gare ta. Don haka, a cikin iyali, babu abin da ya kiyaye shi, babu abin da ya ba shi gamsuwa. Isabella ba shi ne abin da Josephine Aeder ya kasance ga Viet Nam ba, ko Maria Malibran-Garcia ga Charles Bériot.

A 1874 ya koma Turai da rashin lafiya. A cikin kaka na wannan shekarar, an gayyace shi zuwa Brussels Conservatory don ya ɗauki matsayin farfesa na violin a maimakon Viettan mai ritaya. Venyavsky ya yarda. A cikin sauran dalibai, Eugene Ysaye yayi karatu tare da shi. Duk da haka, a lokacin da Vietang ya murmure daga rashin lafiyarsa, ya so ya koma gidan ra'ayin mazan jiya a 1877, Wieniawski da yardar rai ya je ya sadu da shi. Shekaru na ci gaba da tafiye-tafiye sun sake dawowa, kuma wannan yana tare da lalata gaba ɗaya lafiya!

Nuwamba 11, 1878 Venyavsky ya ba da kide kide a Berlin. Joachim ya kawo dukan ajinsa zuwa wasan kwaikwayo nasa. Tuni sojoji suka yi masa zamba, an tilasta masa yin wasa a zaune. Ana tsaka da wasan kide-kide, wani shakewa ya tilasta masa daina wasa. Sa'an nan, domin ya ceci halin da ake ciki, Joachim ya taka a kan mataki da kuma kawo karshen maraice da wasa Bach's Chaconne da dama sauran guda.

Rashin tsaro na kudi, buƙatar biyan kuɗin inshora ya tilasta Venyavsky ya ci gaba da ba da kide-kide. A ƙarshen 1878, a gayyatar Nikolai Rubinstein, ya tafi Moscow. Ko a wannan lokacin wasan nasa yana jan hankalin masu sauraro. Game da wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya faru a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1878, sun rubuta: "Masu sauraro da kuma, kamar yadda muke gani, mai zane da kansa, ya manta da kome kuma an kai shi zuwa duniyar sihiri." A lokacin wannan ziyarar ne Venyavsky ya buga Kreutzer Sonata tare da Taneyev a ranar 17 ga Disamba.

Wasan bai yi nasara ba. Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda yake a Berlin, an tilasta wa mai zane ya katse wasan kwaikwayon bayan ɓangaren farko na sonata. Arno Gilf, wani matashi malami a Moscow Conservatory, ya gama yi masa wasa.

Ranar 22 ga Disamba, Venyavsky ya kamata ya shiga cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo na sadaka don tallafawa asusun don taimaka wa gwauraye da marayu na masu fasaha. Da farko ya so ya buga Beethoven Concerto, amma ya maye gurbinsa da Concerto Mendelssohn. Duk da haka, jin cewa ba zai iya buga babban yanki ba, ya yanke shawarar keɓe kansa zuwa guda biyu - Beethoven's Romance in F major da The Legend of nasa abun da ke ciki. Amma ko dai ya kasa cika wannan niyya - bayan Romance ya bar fagen.

A cikin wannan jihar Venyavsky ya bar a farkon 1879 zuwa kudancin Rasha. Haka ya fara rangadin wasan kide-kide na karshe. Abokin tarayya shine sanannen mawaƙin Faransa Desiree Artaud. Sun isa Odessa, inda, bayan wasanni biyu (Fabrairu 9 da 11), Venyavsky ya kamu da rashin lafiya. Babu batun ci gaba da yawon shakatawa. Ya kwanta a asibiti na kimanin watanni biyu, da kyar ya ba (14 ga Afrilu) wani shagali kuma ya koma Moscow. Ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1879, cutar ta sake mamaye Wieniawski. An sanya shi a asibitin Mariinsky, amma bisa ga nacewar shahararren mai ba da agaji na Rasha NF von Meck, a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 1880, an kai shi gidanta, inda aka ba shi kulawa ta musamman da kulawa. Abokan violin din sun shirya wani kade-kade a St. Taron ya sami halartar AG da NG Rubinstein, K. Davydov, L. Auer, ɗan'uwan ɗan wasan violin Józef Wieniawski da sauran manyan masu fasaha.

Maris 31, 1880 Venyavsky mutu. P. Tchaikovsky von Meck ya rubuta: “Mun yi hasarar ɗan wasan violin a cikinsa, kuma ƙwararren mawaƙi ne. A wannan yanayin, na ɗauki Wieniawski mai hazaka sosai. Labarinsa mai ban sha'awa da wasu sassa na wasan kide-kide na c-minor suna ba da shaida ga ƙwararren ƙirƙira.

A ranar 3 ga Afrilu, an gudanar da taron tunawa a Moscow. A karkashin jagorancin N. Rubinstein, ƙungiyar mawaƙa, mawaƙa da mawaƙa na Bolshoi Theatre sun yi Mozart's Requiem. Sa'an nan aka kai akwatin gawa tare da tokar Wieniawski zuwa Warsaw.

Taron jana'izar ya isa Warsaw a ranar 8 ga Afrilu. Garin ya kasance cikin makoki. “A cikin babban cocin St. Cross, an lullube da rigar bakin ciki gaba daya, a kan wata doguwar jijjiga, kewaye da fitulun azurfa da kyandirori, an kwantar da akwatin gawa, an lullube shi da shunayya mai ruwan hoda, an yi mata ado da furanni. Taro na ban mamaki wreaths ya kwanta a kan akwatin gawa da kuma a kan matakai na ji. A tsakiyar akwatin gawar an shimfiɗa violin na babban mai zane, duk a cikin furanni da mayafin baƙin ciki. Mawakan wasan opera na Poland, ɗaliban ɗakin karatu da membobin ƙungiyar kiɗa sun buga Moniuszko's Requiem. Ban da "Ave, Maria" na Cherubini, kawai ayyukan da mawaƙa na Poland suka yi. Matashi, ƙwararren ɗan wasan violin G. Bartsevich da gaske ya yi waƙar waka ta Venyavsky, tare da rakiyar gabobin.

Don haka babban birnin Poland ya ga mai zane a kan tafiya ta ƙarshe. An binne shi, bisa ga sha'awarsa, wanda ya bayyana akai-akai kafin mutuwarsa, a makabartar Povoznkovsky.

L. Rabin