Zamanin zamani
Modernisme na Faransanci, daga zamani - na ƙarshe, na zamani
An yi amfani da ma'anar zuwa fasaha da yawa. igiyoyin ruwa na karni na 20, fasalin gama gari wanda shine mafi ko žasa yanke hukunci tare da ado. ka'idoji da hadisai na gargajiya. kara. A matakan tarihi a cikin ra'ayi na M. an zuba jari decomp. ma'ana. A karshen 19 - farkon. A cikin karni na 20, lokacin da aka fara amfani da wannan ma'anar, an yi amfani da shi ga aikin mawaƙa kamar Debussy, Ravel, R. Strauss. Daga Ser. Karni na 20 a karkashin M. yawanci suna fahimtar abubuwan da suka faru na zamani. music "Avant-garde" (duba. Avant-gardism), wakilan da suka ƙi ba kawai Debussy da Strauss, amma kuma Schoenberg da Berg a matsayin belated kakakin ga "romantic view duniya." Wasu mujiya. masu sukar fasaha sun ba da shawarar yin watsi da kalmar "M." saboda yawan fadinsa da karfinsa. Duk da haka, ana kiyaye shi a cikin owls. da zarub. ka'idar lit-re game da da'awar; a cikin 60-70s. An yi ƙoƙari da yawa don fayyace da kuma daidaita ma'anarsa.
A cikin sukar kalmar "M" kafin juyin juya hali na Rasha. za a fassara. hours a kai tsaye etymological. ma'ana a matsayin "ikon fashion", dictating gwagwarmaya. canjin dandano da fasaha. igiyoyin ruwa, dainawa, sakaci na baya. N. Ya. Myaskovsky ya yi adawa da M. a matsayin riko na zahiri zuwa ga wani yanayi na wucin gadi zuwa na gaske, kwayoyin halitta. bidi'a. Myaskovsky da sauran abokan adawar M. sun iya lura daidai da wasu halaye mara kyau waɗanda aka bayyana a cikin bourgeois. da'awar-ve daga farko. Karni na 20 X. Stuckenschmidt ya ɗaukaka ci gaba da bin sabbin abubuwa na yau da kullun, waɗanda ke fita daga salon da sauri yayin da suka zama, cikin wata ƙa'ida ta wajibi ta duniya don haɓaka kiɗan: "Daga dukkan fasaha, kiɗan da alama shine mafi girma. .
Amma waɗannan rashin kwanciyar hankali da rashin daidaituwa na ado. Sharuɗɗan da ke haifar da canjin zafin jiki a cikin dabaru na yau da kullun da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa suna aiki ne kawai a matsayin bayyanar waje na matakai mai zurfi na akida. A tarihin fasaha na Marxist-Leninist, ana kallon fasaha a matsayin wani lamari mai alaka da rikicin bourgeoisie. al'adu a lokacin mulkin mallaka da juyin juya halin proletarian. Babban fasalin fasahar zamani shine rashin haɗin kai na masu fasaha da al'umma, rabuwa da dakarun da ke haifar da tarihi da kuma canza fasahar zamani. gaskiya. A kan wannan, akwai halaye na elitism, son zuciya, rashin tausayi. shakku da rashin yarda da cigaban al'umma. Ba shi yiwuwa a yi la'akari da duk masu fasaha na zamani a matsayin masu magana da kai tsaye kuma masu hankali ga bourgeoisie. akida, don danganta su da halaye irin su rashin mutunci, fasikanci, al'adar zalunci da tashin hankali. A cikin su akwai mutane masu gaskiya a zahiri waɗanda ke sukar abubuwa da yawa na bourgeoisie. gaskiya, yin Allah wadai da rashin bin doka da oda, munafuncin "waɗanda ke cikin iko", zalunci na mulkin mallaka da militarism. Duk da haka, zanga-zangar tasu tana ɗaukar nau'in ɓatanci ko rashin zaman lafiya. Tawayen hali, wanda ke jagorantar nisantar shiga cikin gwagwarmayar zamantakewa. Don M. a decomp. bayyanarsa suna da alaƙa da asarar mutuncin ra'ayin duniya, rashin iya haifar da faffadan hoto mai faɗi na duniya. Wannan fasalin ya riga ya zama halayen irin waɗannan zane-zane. hanyar con. 19- roqo. Karni na 20 a matsayin impressionism da expressionism. Haɓaka haɓakar mutum a cikin zamani. Al'ummar jari hujja sau da yawa kan haifar da bullar munanan halittu masu raɗaɗi na fasahar zamani na zamani, wanda rugujewar hankali ke haifar da rugujewar fasaha gaba ɗaya. siffofin.
A masu fasaha na sashen, ana iya haɗa fasalin zamani tare da abubuwa masu kyau, masu ci gaba. Wani lokaci waɗannan halayen suna cin nasara ta hanyar zane-zane a cikin ci gaba, kuma yana ɗaukar matsayi na ci gaba na gaskiya. kara. A lokacin lokacin dogmatic kurakurai a owls. tarihin fasaha sau da yawa bai yi la'akari da rashin daidaituwa na hanyoyin zamani ba. kara, wanda ya haifar da kin amincewa da hanyoyi da dama. nasarorin majagaba na ƙarni na 20. Wasu manyan masu fasaha sun yi rajista ba tare da wani sharadi ba a sansanin masu ra'ayin zamani, waɗanda aikinsu ke wakiltar fasaha da ba za a iya musantawa ba. kimar duk da rashin daidaiton akida da kyawunta. kayan yau da kullun. Hakanan kuskure ne a tantance kasancewa na M. akan dalilai na yau da kullun. Dabaru daban-daban da hanyoyin fasaha. Bayyanawa na iya yin amfani da dalilai daban-daban kuma ya sami lalata. ma'ana dangane da mahallin da aka yi amfani da su. M. shine ra'ayi na tsari na ado da akida, wanda ya samo asali ne akan halayen mai zane ga duniya, ga gaskiyar da ke kewaye da shi. Halin hypertrophy na farkon farawa, wanda ke cikin yawancin zamani. magudanar kida a yammaci, sakamakon lalacewar fasahar hada fasahar fasaha ne. tunani. Dabarar sirri, keɓe daga haɗin kai gabaɗaya, ta zama ginshiƙi don ƙirƙirar mai nisa, mai hankali. tsarin hadawa, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma da sauri maye gurbinsu da wasu, kamar yadda wucin gadi da unviable. Don haka wadatar kowane irin kananan kungiyoyi da makarantu na zamani. "Avant-garde", wanda ke da matsanancin rashin haƙuri da keɓance matsayi.
Fitaccen jigon akidar Musawa. M. a tsakiya. Karni na 20 shine T. Adorno. Ya kare matsayin mai elitist, zane mai rarrabuwa, yana bayyana yanayin zurfin rayuwa, wanda ke nuna cewa a zamaninmu kawai zai iya zama "gaskiya ne, wanda ke nuna jin rudani na mutum a ciki duniyar da ke kewaye da shi kuma ta kame gaba ɗaya daga kowane ayyuka na zamantakewa. Adorno yayi la'akari da aikin mawaƙa na "Makarantar New Viennese" A. Schoenberg, A. Berg, A. Webern a matsayin samfurin irin wannan da'awar. Daga Ser. 60s a cikin maganganun ka'idar da kerawa. yi zarub. kiɗan "avant-garde" yana ƙara tabbatar da sabanin yanayin - don kawar da "nisa" da ke raba fasaha daga rayuwa, don kai tsaye, tasiri mai tasiri a kan masu sauraro. Amma wannan "kutsawa cikin rayuwa" ana fahimtarsa a waje da kuma ta hanyar injiniya, kamar yadda gabatarwar abubuwa na "theatricalization" a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, blurring na layi tsakanin kiɗa da sautin kiɗa, da dai sauransu Irin wannan "art" ya kasance da gaske kawai. kamar yadda aka ware kuma nesa da ayyukan gaggawa na zamaninmu. . Hanyar fita daga cikin muguwar da'irar ra'ayoyin zamani yana yiwuwa ne kawai a kan hanyar kusanci ainihin mahimmancin bukatun jama'a. talakawa da ainihin matsalolin zamaninmu.
References: Tambayoyin kiɗan zamani, L., 1963; Shneerson G., Game da kiɗa mai rai da matattu, M., 1964; Matsalolin zamani na gaskiya da zamani, M., 1965; Zamani. Bincike da sukar manyan kwatance, M., 1969; Lifshitz M., Zamani A Matsayin Al'amari na Akidar Bourgeois na Zamani, Kommunist, 1969, No 16; Rikicin Al'adu da Kiɗa na Bourgeois, vol. 1-2, M., 1972-73.
Yu.V. Keldysh
Ma'anar da ke nuna jimillar decadent-formalistic. igiyoyin ruwa a cikin art of con. Karni na 19-20 Asali sun tashi cikin hoton. art to koma zuwa ga irin wannan trends kamar expressionism, cubism, futurism, surrealism, abstractionism, da dai sauransu Art halin da subjectivism da individualism, formalism da lalata art. hoto. A cikin wasan ballet, sifofin M. sun sami furci a cikin lalata da kuma ka'ida, a cikin musun na gargajiya. rawa, karkatar da yanayi. motsin mutane. jiki, a cikin al'ada na mummuna da tushe, a cikin rushewar rawa. figurativeness (musamman, a cikin ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar raye-raye masu banƙyama ba tare da kiɗa ba). Da yake lura da "rashin dabi'a" na raye-rayen zamani, MM Fokin ya rubuta: "Wadanda suke so su ba da kansu a matsayin masu rawa, su zama masu zamani, waɗanda suke motsawa ta hanyar motsa jiki - don bambanta da wasu ... Wannan mummunan haɗari ne na murdiya mutum, yana daidaita basirar raɗaɗi, rashin jin daɗin gaskiya" ("Against the Current", 1962, shafi na 424-25).
Inkarin gaskiya da al'ada. al'adu, lalata tsarin gargajiya. rawa, M. a cikin tsaftataccen tsari na iya haifar da bushewar fasaha, bayyanar anti-art. Sabili da haka, aikin manyan masu fasaha da masu fasaha waɗanda suka fuskanci tasirin M., ba a iyakance ga waɗannan tasirin ba, ba su ƙare ainihin sa ba.
Ma'anar M. da raye-raye na zamani ba iri ɗaya ba ne, kodayake suna cikin hulɗa. Wasu wakilan raye-raye na zamani sun rinjayi yanayin zamani na zamani: maganganu, abstractionism, constructivism, surrealism. Duk da waɗannan tasirin, fasaharsu, a cikin mafi kyawun misalai, sun kasance da aminci ga gaskiyar rayuwa. Saboda haka, a cikin raye-rayen zamani, an yi wasu raye-rayen filastik masu zaman kansu. cin nasarar da za a iya haɗawa da tsarin raye-raye na gargajiya da kuma wadatar da shi a kan ƙirƙirar fasaha na gaskiya. hotuna.
Ballet. Encyclopedia, SE, 1981
