Ottorino Respighi (Ottorino Respighi) |

Ottorino Respighi

A cikin tarihin kiɗan Italiyanci a farkon rabin karni na XNUMX. Respighi ya shiga a matsayin marubucin ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na shirye-shirye masu haske (waƙoƙi "Fountain Roman", "Pins of Rome").

An haifi mawaki na gaba a cikin dangin mawaƙa. Kakansa organist ne, mahaifinsa dan wasan piano ne, yana da Respighi kuma ya dauki darasin piano na farko. A cikin 1891-99. Respighi karatu a Music Lyceum a Bologna: wasa da violin tare da F. Sarti, counterpoint da fugue tare da Dall Olio, abun da ke ciki tare da L. Torqua da J. Martucci. Tun 1899 ya yi a cikin kide-kide a matsayin violinist. A 1900 ya rubuta daya daga cikin na farko abubuwan - "Symphonic Variations" for Orchestra.

A cikin 1901, a matsayin ɗan wasan violin a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa, Respighi ya zo yawon shakatawa zuwa St. Petersburg tare da ƙungiyar opera ta Italiya. Ga wani gagarumin taro tare da N. Rimsky-Korsakov. Mawaƙin Rasha mai daraja a cikin sanyi ya gaishe da baƙon da ba a sani ba, amma bayan ya kalli sakamakonsa, ya zama mai sha'awar kuma ya yarda ya yi karatu tare da ɗan Italiyanci. Azuzuwan sun dauki watanni 5. A karkashin jagorancin Rimsky-Korsakov, Respighi ya rubuta Prelude, Chorale da Fugue don ƙungiyar makaɗa. Wannan makalar ta zama aikin kammala karatunsa a Bologna Lyceum, kuma malaminsa Martucci ya ce: “Respighi ba ɗalibi ba ne, amma ƙwararru ne.” Duk da haka, mawaki ya ci gaba da ingantawa: a cikin 1902 ya ɗauki darussan abun ciki daga M. Bruch a Berlin. Bayan shekara guda, Respighi ya sake ziyartar Rasha tare da ƙungiyar opera, yana zaune a St. Petersburg da Moscow. Bayan ya ƙware da harshen Rashanci, ya san rayuwar fasaha na waɗannan birane tare da sha'awa, yana godiya sosai ga wasan opera na Moscow da wasan kwaikwayo na ballet tare da shimfidar wurare da kayayyaki na K. Korovin da L. Bakst. Dangantaka da Rasha ba ta daina ko da sun koma ƙasarsu ta asali. A. Lunacharsky yayi karatu a Jami'ar Bologna, wanda daga baya, a cikin 20s, ya bayyana fatan cewa Respighi zai sake zuwa Rasha.

Respighi yana ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙan Italiyanci na farko don sake gano rabin shafukan da aka manta na kiɗan Italiyanci. A farkon 1900s ya ƙirƙiri sabon ƙungiyar makaɗa na "Makoki na Ariadne" na C. Monteverdi, kuma an yi nasarar yin abun da ke ciki a Berlin Philharmonic.

A cikin 1914, Respighi ya riga ya zama marubucin wasan kwaikwayo uku, amma aiki a wannan yanki ba ya kawo masa nasara. A gefe guda kuma, ƙirƙirar waƙar jin daɗi mai suna The Fountains of Rome (1917) ya sanya mawaƙin a sahun gaba na mawakan Italiya. Wannan shi ne kashi na farko na nau'in nau'i na nau'i mai ban sha'awa: Maɓuɓɓugan Rum, Pine na Roma (1924) da Idin Roma (1928). G. Puccini, wanda ya san mawakin kuma abokansa ne, ya ce: “Ka san wanda ya fara nazarin maki na Respighi? I. Daga gidan wallafe-wallafen Ricordi Ina karɓar kwafin farko na kowane sabon makinsa kuma ina ƙara sha'awar fasahar kayan aikin sa da ba ta wuce misali ba.

Sanin I. Stravinsky, S. Diaghilev, M. Fokin da V. Nijinsky yana da matukar muhimmanci ga aikin Respighi. A cikin 1919 ƙungiyar Diaghilev ta shirya a Landan ballet ɗinsa The Miracle Shop, bisa ga kidan piano na G. Rossini.

Tun 1921, Respighi sau da yawa ya yi aiki a matsayin madugu, yin nasa abubuwan da aka tsara, yawon shakatawa a matsayin pianist a Turai, Amurka, da Brazil. Daga 1913 har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa, ya koyar a Academy of Santa Cecilia a Roma, kuma a cikin 1924-26. shine darekta.

Ayyukan symphonic na Respighi na musamman ya haɗu da dabarun rubuce-rubuce na zamani, ƙayatattun kade-kade (waɗanda aka ambata na simphonic trilogy, "Ƙa'idodin Brazil"), da kuma karkata zuwa waƙar archaic, tsoffin siffofi, watau abubuwa na neoclassicism. An rubuta adadin ayyukan mawaƙa a kan jigogin waƙoƙin Gregorian (“Gregorian Concerto” don violin, “Concerto in Mixolydian mode” da 3 preludes akan waƙoƙin Gregorian don piano, “Doria Quartet”). Respighi ya mallaki shirye-shiryen kyauta na wasan kwaikwayo na operas "Bawa-Madam" na G. Pergolesi, "Tsarin Mata" na D. Cimarosa, "Orpheus" na C. Monteverdi da sauran ayyukan da mawaƙan Italiyanci na d ¯ a, ƙungiyar mawaƙa na "Etudes-Painting" biyar. by S. Rachmaninov, wani sashin jiki passacaglia a cikin C small JS Bach.

V. Ilyev

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