Girolamo Frescobaldi |

Girolamo Frescobaldi

G. Frescobaldi yana daya daga cikin manyan mashahuran zamanin Baroque, wanda ya kafa sashin Italiyanci da makarantar clavier. An haife shi a Ferrara, a lokacin daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kiɗa a Turai. Shekarun farko na rayuwarsa suna da alaƙa da sabis na Duke Alfonso II d'Este, mai son kiɗan da aka sani a Italiya (bisa ga masu zamani, Duke ya saurari kiɗan na sa'o'i 4 a rana!). L. Ludzaski, wanda shine malamin farko na Frescobaldi, yayi aiki a wannan kotu. Tare da mutuwar Duke, Frescobaldi ya bar garinsa na haihuwa kuma ya koma Roma.

A Roma, ya yi aiki a cikin majami'u dabam-dabam a matsayin organist da kuma a kotunan manyan mutane a matsayin mai garaya. Jagoran Archbishop Guido Bentnvolio ne ya sauƙaƙa nadin mawakin. Tare da shi a cikin 1607-08. Frescobaldi ya yi tafiya zuwa Flanders, sannan cibiyar kiɗan clavier. Tafiya ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da halayen kirkire-kirkire na mawaki.

Juya lokaci a rayuwar Frescobaldi shine 1608. A lokacin ne aka fara buga wallafe-wallafen ayyukansa: 3 kayan aiki canzones, Littafin Farko na Fantasy (Milan) da Littafin Farko na Madrigals (Antwerp). A cikin wannan shekara, Frescobaldi ya shagaltar da high da kuma musamman girmamawa post na organist na St. Bitrus Cathedral a Roma, a cikin abin da (tare da short breaks) mawaki ya kasance kusan har zuwa karshen zamaninsa. Sananniya da ikon Frescobaldi sannu a hankali ya girma a matsayin organist da mawaƙa, ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙwararren ƙirƙira. A cikin layi daya da aikinsa a cikin St. Peter's Cathedral, ya shiga hidimar daya daga cikin manyan kadinal na Italiya, Pietro Aldobrandini. A 1613, Frescobaldi ya auri Oreola del Pino, wanda a cikin shekaru 6 masu zuwa ta haifa masa 'ya'ya biyar.

A cikin 1628-34. Frescobaldi ya yi aiki a matsayin organist a kotun Duke na Tuscany Ferdinando II Medici a Florence, sannan ya ci gaba da hidimarsa a St. Peter's Cathedral. Sunansa ya zama ainihin ƙasashen duniya. Domin shekaru 3, ya yi karatu tare da wani babban Jamus mawaki kuma organist I. Froberger, da kuma da yawa mashahuran mawaƙa da masu wasan kwaikwayo.

A fakaice, ba mu san kome ba game da shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwar Frescobaldi, da kuma game da abubuwan kiɗansa na ƙarshe.

Daya daga cikin mawakan zamani, P. Della Balle, ya rubuta a wata wasiƙa a shekara ta 1640 cewa akwai ƙarin "chivalry" a cikin "salon zamani" na Frescobaldi. Ayyukan kiɗan da suka ƙare har yanzu suna cikin nau'in rubutun hannu. Frescobaldi ya mutu a tsayin shahararsa. Kamar yadda shaidun gani da ido suka rubuta, “Shahararrun mawakan Roma” sun halarci taron jana’izar.

Babban wuri a cikin mawaƙa ta m al'adun gargajiya shagaltar da instrumental qagaggun ga harpsichord da gabobin a duk sa'an nan aka sani nau'o'in: canzones, fantasies, richercaras, toccatas, capriccios, partitas, fugues (a cikin sa'an nan ma'anar kalmar, watau canons). A wasu, rubutun polyphonic ya mamaye (misali, a cikin nau'in "koyi" na richercara), a wasu (misali, a cikin canzone), fasaha na polyphonic suna haɗuwa tare da homophonic ("murya" da kuma kayan aiki na kayan aiki).

Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun tarin ayyukan kiɗa na Frescobaldi shine "Fulun Kiɗa" (wanda aka buga a Venice a 1635). Ya haɗa da ayyukan gabobi na nau'o'i daban-daban. Anan salon mawaƙan Frescobaldi wanda ba zai iya jurewa ba ya bayyana kansa cikin cikakken ma'auni, wanda ke da salon "salon farin ciki" tare da sabbin abubuwa masu jituwa, dabaru iri-iri na rubutu, 'yanci na ingantawa, da fasahar bambance-bambance. Sabanin lokacinsa shine aiwatar da fassarar ɗan lokaci da kari. A cikin gabatarwar daya daga cikin litattafan toccata da sauran abubuwan da aka tsara don garaya da gabobin jiki, Frescobaldi ya yi kira don yin wasa… "ba lura da dabara… bisa ga ji ko ma'anar kalmomi, kamar yadda ake yi a madrigals." A matsayin mawaƙi kuma mai yin wasan kwaikwayo a kan gabobin jiki da clavier, Frescobaldi ya yi tasiri sosai a kan ci gaban Italiyanci da, mafi fa'ida, kiɗan Yammacin Turai. Sunansa ya yi girma musamman a Jamus. D. Buxtehude, JS Bach da sauran mawaƙa da yawa sunyi nazari akan ayyukan Frescobaldi.

S. Lebedev