Hanns Eisler |

Hanns Eisler ne

A ƙarshen 20s, waƙoƙin jama'a na 'yan gwagwarmaya na Hans Eisler, mawaƙin gurguzu wanda daga baya ya taka rawar gani a tarihin waƙar juyin juya hali na karni na XNUMX, ya fara bazuwa a cikin gundumomi masu aiki na Berlin, sannan a cikin fadi da da'ira na Jamus proletariat. Tare da haɗin gwiwar mawaƙa Bertolt Brecht, Erich Weinert, mawaƙa Ernst Busch, Eisler ya gabatar da sabon nau'in waƙa a cikin rayuwar yau da kullum - waƙar taken, waƙar poster da ke kira ga gwagwarmaya da duniyar jari-hujja. Wannan shi ne yadda nau'in waƙa ya taso, wanda ya sami sunan "Kampflieder" - " waƙoƙin gwagwarmaya." Eisler ya zo wannan nau'in ta hanya mai wahala.

An haifi Hans Eisler a Leipzig, amma bai daɗe da zama a nan ba, shekaru huɗu kawai. Ya ciyar da ƙuruciyarsa da ƙuruciyarsa a Vienna. Darussan kiɗa sun fara tun yana ƙarami, yana ɗan shekara 12 ya yi ƙoƙarin tsarawa. Ba tare da taimakon malamai ba, koyo kawai daga misalan kiɗan da aka sani da shi, Eisler ya rubuta abubuwan da ya fara rubutawa, wanda aka yi alama da tambarin dilettantism. Lokacin da yake matashi, Eisler ya shiga ƙungiyar matasa masu neman sauyi, kuma lokacin da aka fara yaƙin duniya na farko, ya taka rawa sosai wajen ƙirƙira da rarraba wallafe-wallafen farfaganda da ke jagorantar yaƙi.

Yana da shekara 18 lokacin da ya je gaba a matsayin soja. A nan, a karon farko, kiɗa da ra'ayoyin juyin juya hali sun shiga cikin tunaninsa, kuma waƙoƙin farko sun tashi - martani ga gaskiyar da ke kewaye da shi.

Bayan yakin, ya koma Vienna, Eisler ya shiga cikin ɗakin ajiyar kuma ya zama dalibi na Arnold Schoenberg, mahaliccin tsarin dodecaphonic, wanda aka tsara don lalata ka'idodin ka'idodin kida da kayan tarihi na jari-hujja. A cikin aikin koyarwa na waɗannan shekarun, Schoenberg ya juya na musamman ga kiɗa na gargajiya, yana jagorantar ɗalibansa su tsara bisa ƙa'idodi masu tsauri waɗanda ke da hadisai masu zurfi.

Shekarun da aka yi a cikin ajin Schoenberg (1918-1923) sun ba Eisler damar koyan dabarun tsara fasaha. A cikin sonatas na piano, Quintet don kayan aikin iska, ƙungiyar mawaƙa a kan ayoyin Heine, ƙaramin ƙarami don murya, sarewa, clarinet, viola da cello, duka amintacciyar hanyar rubutawa da yadudduka na tasirin daban-daban sun bayyana, da farko, a zahiri, tasirin tasirin. na malamin, Schoenberg.

Eisler ya haɗu tare da shugabannin mawaƙa na mawaƙa, wanda aka haɓaka sosai a Ostiryia, kuma nan da nan ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu sha'awar yawan nau'ikan ilimin kiɗan a cikin yanayin aiki. Rubutun "Kiɗa da Juyin Juya Hali" ya zama mai yanke hukunci kuma ba zai iya rushewa har tsawon rayuwarsa. Shi ya sa yake jin bukatuwar ciki don sake fasalin kyawawan wurare da Schoenberg da mukarrabansa suka cusa. A karshen shekarar 1924, Eisler ya koma Berlin, inda rayuwar ma'aikata ta Jamus ta yi zafi sosai, inda tasirin jam'iyyar gurguzu ke karuwa a kowace rana, inda jawaban Ernst Thalmann ke nunawa ga talakawan ma'aikata. Wane haɗari ne ke tattare da mafi yawan ƙwaƙƙwaran amsawa, wanda ke kan hanyar farkisanci.

Wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Eisler a matsayin mawaƙi ya haifar da wani abin kunya na gaske a Berlin. Dalilin da ya sa shi ne aikin sake zagayowar murya akan rubutun da aka aro daga tallace-tallacen jarida. Ayyukan da Eisler ya kafa wa kansa ya bayyana a fili: ta hanyar prosaism da gangan, ta hanyar yau da kullum, don yin "buga a fuskar dandano na jama'a", ma'ana dandano na mutanen gari, philistiyawa, kamar yadda 'yan gaba na Rasha suka yi a cikin maganganunsu na adabi da na baka. Masu sukar sun mayar da martani da kyau game da wasan kwaikwayon "Tallar Jarida", ba tare da yin la'akari da zaɓen zaɓe da zagi ba.

Eisler da kansa ya bi da shirin tare da "Sanarwa" da ban mamaki, yana fahimtar cewa tashin hankali da abin kunya a cikin fadamar philistine bai kamata a yi la'akari da babban lamari ba. A ci gaba da abokantakar da ya fara a Vienna tare da ma'aikata masu son, Eisler ya sami damammaki masu yawa a Berlin, yana danganta ayyukansa da makarantar ma'aikata ta Markisanci, daya daga cikin cibiyoyin ayyukan akida da kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Jamus ya shirya. A nan ne aka kafa abokantakarsa ta kirkire-kirkire da mawaka Bertolt Brecht da Erich Weinert, tare da mawakan Karl Rankl, Vladimir Vogl, Ernst Meyer.

Ya kamata a tuna cewa ƙarshen 20s shine lokacin jimlar nasarar jazz, wani sabon abu da ya bayyana a Jamus bayan yakin 1914-18. Eisler yana sha'awar jazz na waɗancan lokutan ba ta hanyar nishi na zahiri ba, ba ta jin daɗin jin daɗin jinkirin foxtrot ba, kuma ba ta rawar rawan shimmy na zamani na zamani ba - yana matukar godiya da bayyananniyar rawar murya, zanen da ba ya lalacewa. grid na tafiya, wanda tsarin waƙa ya fito fili. Wannan shi ne yadda waƙoƙin Eisler da ballads suka taso, suna gabatowa a cikin ƙayyadaddun waƙoƙin su a wasu lokuta zuwa maganganun magana, a wasu - zuwa waƙoƙin jama'a na Jamus, amma ko da yaushe bisa ga cikakkiyar biyayya na mai wasan kwaikwayo ga matsi na ƙarfe (mafi yawan tafiya) , a kan tausayi, ƙarfin magana. Babban shahararsa yana samun irin waɗannan waƙoƙin kamar "Comintern" ("Kamfanoni, tashi!"), "Song of Solidarity" ga rubutun Bertolt Brecht:

Bari al'ummar duniya su tashi, Don su haɗa ƙarfinsu, Don zama ƙasa mai 'yanci, Bari ƙasa ta ciyar da mu!

Ko irin waɗannan waƙoƙin kamar "Waƙoƙin Masu Zabin Auduga", "Sojoji Fama", "Red Wedding", "The Song of Stale Bread", wanda ya shahara a yawancin ƙasashe na duniya kuma ya fuskanci makomar fasahar juyin juya hali: so da soyayyar wasu kungiyoyin jama'a da kyamar masu adawa da ajin su.

Eisler kuma ya juya zuwa wani tsari mai tsayi, zuwa ballad, amma a nan ba ya haifar da wahalhalun murya kawai ga mai wasan kwaikwayo - tessitura, tempo. An yanke shawarar duk abin da sha'awar, hanyoyin fassarar, ba shakka, a gaban albarkatun murya masu dacewa. Wannan salon wasan kwaikwayon ya fi dacewa da Ernst Busch, mutum kamar Eisler wanda ya sadaukar da kansa ga kiɗa da juyin juya hali. Wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mai ban mamaki wanda ke ɗauke da hotuna masu yawa: Iago, Mephistopheles, Galileo, jarumai na wasan kwaikwayo na Friedrich Wolf, Bertolt Brecht, Lion Feuchtwanger, Georg Buchner - yana da muryar waƙa ta musamman, wani baritone na babban katako na ƙarfe. Wani ma'ana mai ban mamaki na ƙwanƙwasa, cikakkiyar ƙamus, haɗe tare da fasaha na kwaikwayo na kwaikwayo, ya taimaka masa ya ƙirƙira dukan hoton hotunan zamantakewa a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban - daga waƙa mai sauƙi zuwa dithyramb, ƙasida, maganganun farfagandar magana. Yana da wuya a yi tunanin daidai daidai tsakanin niyyar mawaƙin da kuma yadda ake aiwatarwa fiye da ƙungiyar Eisler-Bush. Ayyukan haɗin gwiwa na ballad "Kamfen ɗin Sirrin Against Tarayyar Soviet" (Wannan ballad da aka sani da "Maris Mai Damuwa") da "Ballads na Yakin Nakasassu" sun ba da ra'ayi mara kyau.

Ziyarar Eisler da Bush zuwa Tarayyar Soviet a cikin 30s, tarurrukan da suka yi tare da mawakan Soviet, marubuta, tattaunawa da AM Gorky sun bar ra'ayi mai zurfi ba kawai a cikin abubuwan tunawa ba, har ma a cikin ayyukan kirkire-kirkire na gaske, tun da yawancin masu wasan kwaikwayo sun karɓi salon fasalin fassarar Bush. , da mawaƙa – takamaiman salon rubutun Eisler. Irin waɗannan waƙoƙi daban-daban kamar "Polyushko-filin" na L. Knipper, "A nan sojoji suna zuwa" na K. Molchanov, "Buchenwald ƙararrawa" na V. Muradeli, "Idan 'yan maza na dukan duniya" na V. Solovyov-Sedoy , tare da dukan asalinsu, sun gaji jituwa ta Eisler, rhythmic, da ɗan ƙayyadaddun dabarun waƙa.

Zuwan Nazis kan mulki ya zana layi a cikin tarihin rayuwar Hans Eisler. A gefe guda shi ne wannan ɓangaren da ke da alaƙa da Berlin, tare da shekaru goma na gagarumin jam'iyya da ayyukan mawaƙa, a gefe guda - shekaru na yawo, shekaru goma sha biyar na hijira, na farko a Turai sannan a Amurka.

A lokacin da a cikin 1937 'yan Republican na Spain suka daga tutar gwagwarmaya da gungun masu fasikanci na Mussolini, Hitler da nasu juyin juya hali, Hans Eisler da Ernst Busch sun sami kansu a cikin sahun 'yan jam'iyyar Republican kafada da kafada tare da 'yan sa kai wadanda suka yi gudun hijira daga kasashe da dama. don a taimaka wa ’yan’uwan Mutanen Espanya. Anan, a cikin ramukan Guadalajara, Campus, Toledo, an ji waƙoƙin da Eisler ya tsara kawai. "Maris na Regiment na biyar" da "Waƙar Janairu 7" duk 'yan Republican Spain ne suka rera shi. Waƙoƙin Eisler sun yi sauti iri ɗaya da taken Dolores Ibarruri: “Gwamma a mutu a tsaye da a durƙusa.”

Kuma a lokacin da hadin gwiwar sojojin farkisanci suka shake dan Republican Spain, lokacin da barazanar yakin duniya ya zama gaskiya, Eisler ya koma Amurka. A nan yana ba da ƙarfinsa ga ilimin koyarwa, wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, tsara kiɗan fim. A cikin wannan nau'in, Eisler ya fara aiki musamman bayan ya koma babbar cibiyar fina-finan Amurka - Los Angeles.

Kuma, kodayake masu yin fim sun yaba wa kiɗansa sosai kuma har ma ya sami lambobin yabo na hukuma, kodayake Eisler ya ji daɗin goyon bayan abokantaka na Charlie Chaplin, rayuwarsa a cikin Amurka ba ta da daɗi. Mawaƙin kwaminisanci bai ta da tausayin jami’ai ba, musamman waɗanda, waɗanda suke aiki, dole ne su “bi aƙidar.”

Kewar Jamus yana bayyana a yawancin ayyukan Eisler. Wataƙila abu mafi ƙarfi shine a cikin ƙaramin waƙar "Jamus" zuwa ayoyin Brecht.

Ƙarshen baƙin cikina Kun tafi yanzu faɗuwar rana ta lulluɓe sama taku ce. Wata sabuwa za ta zo Shin kun tuna fiye da sau ɗaya waƙar da 'yan gudun hijira suka rera a cikin wannan sa'a mai zafi

Waƙar waƙar tana kusa da tarihin Jamus kuma a lokaci guda zuwa waƙoƙin da suka girma akan al'adun Weber, Schubert, Mendelssohn. Tsabtataccen waƙar ya bar kokwanto daga menene zurfin ruhaniya wannan rafi mai waƙar ya gudana.

A cikin 1948, an haɗa Hans Eisler a cikin jerin "baƙin da ba a so," shine zargin. Kamar yadda wani mai bincike ya nuna, “Wani jami’in McCarthyist ya kira shi Karl Marx na kiɗa. An daure marubucin mawakin.” Kuma bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci, duk da shiga tsakani da ƙoƙarin Charlie Chaplin, Pablo Picasso da sauran manyan masu fasaha, "ƙasar 'yanci da dimokuradiyya" ta aika Hans Eisler zuwa Turai.

Hukumomin Burtaniya sun yi ƙoƙari su ci gaba da kasancewa tare da abokan aikinsu na ketare kuma sun ƙi karɓar baƙi Eisler. Wani lokaci Eisler yana zaune a Vienna. Ya ƙaura zuwa Berlin a shekara ta 1949. Taron da ya yi da Bertolt Brecht da Ernst Busch sun kasance masu ban sha'awa, amma abin da ya fi burge shi shi ne ganawar da mutanen da suka rera duka tsoffin waƙoƙin Eisler kafin yaƙi da kuma sababbin waƙoƙinsa. Anan a Berlin, Eisler ya rubuta waƙa ga waƙoƙin Johannes Becher "Za mu tashi daga kango kuma mu gina makoma mai haske", wadda ita ce taken ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Demokaradiyyar Jamus.

An yi bikin zagayowar ranar haihuwar Eisler na 1958 a cikin 60. Ya ci gaba da rubuta kida da yawa don wasan kwaikwayo da sinima. Kuma kuma, Ernst Busch, wanda ta hanyar mu'ujiza, wanda ya tsere daga kurkuku na sansanin 'yan Nazi, ya rera waƙoƙin abokinsa da abokin aikinsa. Wannan lokaci "Hagu Maris" zuwa ayoyin Mayakovsky.

Ranar 7 ga Satumba, 1962, Hans Eisler ya mutu. An ba da sunansa ga Higher School of Music a Berlin.

Ba duk ayyukan da aka ambata a cikin wannan gajeriyar rubutun ba. An ba da fifiko ga waƙar. A lokaci guda, ɗakin Eisler da kiɗan kiɗa, shirye-shiryen kiɗansa masu kyau don wasan kwaikwayon Bertolt Brecht, da kiɗan fina-finai da yawa sun shiga ba kawai tarihin rayuwar Eisler ba, har ma da tarihin ci gaban waɗannan nau'ikan. Hanyoyi na zama dan kasa, rikon amana ga akidar juyin juya halin Musulunci, son rai da hazakar mawaki, wanda ya san al'ummarsa da rera waka tare da su - duk wannan ya ba wa wakokinsa rashin da'a, babban makamin mawakin.